Centaurea solstitialis |
Centaurea scabiosa |
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Barnaby star-thistle, centauré du solstice, golden starthistle, St. Barnaby's thistle, yellow cockspur, yellow knapweed, yellow star-thistle |
centaurée scabieuse, greater centaurea, greater knapweed, hardheads |
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Habit | Annuals, 10–100 cm. | Perennials, 30–150 cm. |
Stems | simple or often branched from base, forming rounded bushy plants, gray-tomentose. |
1–several, branches ascending, glabrous to ± hirsute. |
Leaves | gray-tomentose and scabrous to short-bristly; basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapered to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades 5–15 cm, margins pinnately lobed or dissected; cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong, 1–10 cm, entire. |
minutely hispid, resin-gland-dotted; basal and proximal cauline petiolate, blades 10–25 cm, margins usually 1–2-pinnately divided into linear or oblong segments; mid and distal cauline smaller, entire or once dissected. |
Involucres | ovoid, 13–17 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous. |
ovoid to hemispheric, becoming campanulate, 15–25 mm. |
Florets | many; corollas yellow, all ± equal, 13–20 mm; sterile florets slender, inconspicuous. |
many; corollas reddish purple (white), those of sterile florets 35–40 mm, often conspicuously enlarged, those of fertile florets 20–25 mm. |
Phyllaries | bodies dark green, ovate (outer) to oblong-lanceolate (inner), glabrous or finely arachnoid, margins and erect appendages black, ± fringed distally with slender teeth, inner phyllaries with brownish scarious, expanded, erose dissected appendages. |
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Inner phyllaries | appendages scarious, obtuse or abruptly spine tipped. |
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Heads | disciform, borne singly or in open leafy arrays, long-pedunculate. |
borne singly or few in open cymiform arrays, pedunculate. |
Cypselae | dimorphic, 2–3 mm, glabrous, outer dark brown, without pappi, inner white or light brown, mottled; pappi of many white, unequal bristles 2–4 mm, fine. |
brown, 4.5–5 mm, puberulent; pappi of many unequal stiff bristles, white, 4–5 mm. |
Principal | phyllaries: bodies pale green, ovate, appendages stramineous to brown, each with palmately radiating cluster of spines, and stout central spine 10–25 mm. |
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2n | = 16. |
= 20 (Russia), 40. |
Centaurea solstitialis |
Centaurea scabiosa |
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Phenology | Flowering mostly summer–autumn (Jun–Oct), sometimes year-round in frostfree coastal habitats. | Flowering summer (Jun–Sep). |
Habitat | Roadsides, fields, pastures, woodlands | Disturbed sites, pastures, sparingly escaped from cultivation, probably not persisting in all areas where reported |
Elevation | 0–2000 m (0–6600 ft) | 50–1800 m (200–5900 ft) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; CT; DE; FL; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; MB; ON; SK; s Europe [Widely introduced]
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CT; IA; ID; KY; ME; MT; ND; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; UT; WY; BC; NB; ON; QC; Europe [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Centaurea solstitialis is a serious weed pest, especially in the western United States, where it has invaded millions of acres of rangelands, and it is listed as a noxious weed in eleven western states and two Canadian provinces. It is a strong competitor in infested areas, often forming dense colonies. It is very difficult to control or eradicate once it becomes established. In addition, yellow star-thistle is poisonous to horses; when ingested over a prolonged period it causes a neurological disorder called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia, or “chewing disease.” Although its bitter taste and spiny heads usually deter grazing animals, horses sometimes will seek it out. Yellow star-thistle tends to spread in rangelands when more palatable plants are consumed. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 19, p. 193. | FNA vol. 19, p. 185. |
Parent taxa | Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea | Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea |
Sibling taxa | ||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 913. (1753) |
Web links |
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