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Barnaby star-thistle, centauré du solstice, golden starthistle, St. Barnaby's thistle, yellow cockspur, yellow knapweed, yellow star-thistle

croix de malte, Maltese knapweed, Maltese star thistle or centaury, Maltese star-thistle, Napa thistle, tocalote

Habit Annuals, 10–100 cm. Annuals, 10–100 cm, herbage loosely gray-tomentose and villous with jointed multicellular hairs, sometimes minutely scabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted.
Stems

simple or often branched from base, forming rounded bushy plants, gray-tomentose.

1–few, few–many branched distally.

Leaves

gray-tomentose and scabrous to short-bristly;

basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapered to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades 5–15 cm, margins pinnately lobed or dissected;

cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong, 1–10 cm, entire.

basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapering to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades oblong to oblanceolate, 2–15 cm, margins entire to dentate or pinnately lobed;

cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong or oblanceolate, 1–5 cm, entire or dentate.

Involucres

ovoid, 13–17 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous.

ovoid, 10–15 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous.

Florets

many;

corollas yellow, all ± equal, 13–20 mm;

sterile florets slender, inconspicuous.

many;

corollas yellow, those of sterile florets 10–12 mm, slender, inconspicuous, those of fertile florets 10–12 mm.

Inner phyllaries

appendages scarious, obtuse or abruptly spine tipped.

appendages entire, acute or spine-tipped.

Heads

disciform, borne singly or in open leafy arrays, long-pedunculate.

disciform, 1–few at branch tips, borne singly or in open leafy corymbiform arrays, sometimes clustered in distal axils, sessile or pedunculate.

Cypselae

dimorphic, 2–3 mm, glabrous, outer dark brown, without pappi, inner white or light brown, mottled;

pappi of many white, unequal bristles 2–4 mm, fine.

dull white or light brown, ca. 2.5 mm, finely hairy;

pappi of many white, unequal, stiff bristles 2.5–3 mm.

Principal

phyllaries: bodies pale green, ovate, appendages stramineous to brown, each with palmately radiating cluster of spines, and stout central spine 10–25 mm.

phyllaries: bodies ± stramineous, ovate, appendages purplish, spiny-fringed at base, each tipped by slender spine 5–10 mm.

2n

= 16.

= 24.

Centaurea solstitialis

Centaurea melitensis

Phenology Flowering mostly summer–autumn (Jun–Oct), sometimes year-round in frostfree coastal habitats. Flowering mostly spring–summer (Apr–Jul).
Habitat Roadsides, fields, pastures, woodlands Roadsides, fields, pine-oak woodlands, chaparral, agricultural areas
Elevation 0–2000 m (0–6600 ft) 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; CT; DE; FL; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; MB; ON; SK; s Europe [Widely introduced]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AZ; CA; GA; ID; IL; MA; MO; MS; NJ; NM; NV; OR; PA; TX; UT; WA; WI; BC; Mexico (Baja California); Europe; Asia; Africa [Widely introduced]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Centaurea solstitialis is a serious weed pest, especially in the western United States, where it has invaded millions of acres of rangelands, and it is listed as a noxious weed in eleven western states and two Canadian provinces. It is a strong competitor in infested areas, often forming dense colonies. It is very difficult to control or eradicate once it becomes established. In addition, yellow star-thistle is poisonous to horses; when ingested over a prolonged period it causes a neurological disorder called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia, or “chewing disease.” Although its bitter taste and spiny heads usually deter grazing animals, horses sometimes will seek it out. Yellow star-thistle tends to spread in rangelands when more palatable plants are consumed.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Centaurea melitensis is native to the Mediterranean region. It is listed as a noxious weed in New Mexico.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 19, p. 193. FNA vol. 19, p. 193.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea
Sibling taxa
C. benedicta, C. calcitrapa, C. cyanus, C. depressa, C. diffusa, C. diluta, C. iberica, C. jacea, C. macrocephala, C. melitensis, C. montana, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. phrygia, C. scabiosa, C. stoebe, C. sulphurea, C. virgata, C. ×moncktonii
C. benedicta, C. calcitrapa, C. cyanus, C. depressa, C. diffusa, C. diluta, C. iberica, C. jacea, C. macrocephala, C. montana, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. phrygia, C. scabiosa, C. solstitialis, C. stoebe, C. sulphurea, C. virgata, C. ×moncktonii
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753)
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