Centaurea solstitialis |
Centaurea melitensis |
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Barnaby star-thistle, centauré du solstice, golden starthistle, St. Barnaby's thistle, yellow cockspur, yellow knapweed, yellow star-thistle |
croix de malte, Maltese knapweed, Maltese star thistle or centaury, Maltese star-thistle, Napa thistle, tocalote |
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Habit | Annuals, 10–100 cm. | Annuals, 10–100 cm, herbage loosely gray-tomentose and villous with jointed multicellular hairs, sometimes minutely scabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted. |
Stems | simple or often branched from base, forming rounded bushy plants, gray-tomentose. |
1–few, few–many branched distally. |
Leaves | gray-tomentose and scabrous to short-bristly; basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapered to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades 5–15 cm, margins pinnately lobed or dissected; cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong, 1–10 cm, entire. |
basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapering to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades oblong to oblanceolate, 2–15 cm, margins entire to dentate or pinnately lobed; cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong or oblanceolate, 1–5 cm, entire or dentate. |
Involucres | ovoid, 13–17 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous. |
ovoid, 10–15 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous. |
Florets | many; corollas yellow, all ± equal, 13–20 mm; sterile florets slender, inconspicuous. |
many; corollas yellow, those of sterile florets 10–12 mm, slender, inconspicuous, those of fertile florets 10–12 mm. |
Inner phyllaries | appendages scarious, obtuse or abruptly spine tipped. |
appendages entire, acute or spine-tipped. |
Heads | disciform, borne singly or in open leafy arrays, long-pedunculate. |
disciform, 1–few at branch tips, borne singly or in open leafy corymbiform arrays, sometimes clustered in distal axils, sessile or pedunculate. |
Cypselae | dimorphic, 2–3 mm, glabrous, outer dark brown, without pappi, inner white or light brown, mottled; pappi of many white, unequal bristles 2–4 mm, fine. |
dull white or light brown, ca. 2.5 mm, finely hairy; pappi of many white, unequal, stiff bristles 2.5–3 mm. |
Principal | phyllaries: bodies pale green, ovate, appendages stramineous to brown, each with palmately radiating cluster of spines, and stout central spine 10–25 mm. |
phyllaries: bodies ± stramineous, ovate, appendages purplish, spiny-fringed at base, each tipped by slender spine 5–10 mm. |
2n | = 16. |
= 24. |
Centaurea solstitialis |
Centaurea melitensis |
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Phenology | Flowering mostly summer–autumn (Jun–Oct), sometimes year-round in frostfree coastal habitats. | Flowering mostly spring–summer (Apr–Jul). |
Habitat | Roadsides, fields, pastures, woodlands | Roadsides, fields, pine-oak woodlands, chaparral, agricultural areas |
Elevation | 0–2000 m (0–6600 ft) | 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; CT; DE; FL; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; MB; ON; SK; s Europe [Widely introduced]
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AL; AZ; CA; GA; ID; IL; MA; MO; MS; NJ; NM; NV; OR; PA; TX; UT; WA; WI; BC; Mexico (Baja California); Europe; Asia; Africa [Widely introduced]
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Discussion | Centaurea solstitialis is a serious weed pest, especially in the western United States, where it has invaded millions of acres of rangelands, and it is listed as a noxious weed in eleven western states and two Canadian provinces. It is a strong competitor in infested areas, often forming dense colonies. It is very difficult to control or eradicate once it becomes established. In addition, yellow star-thistle is poisonous to horses; when ingested over a prolonged period it causes a neurological disorder called equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia, or “chewing disease.” Although its bitter taste and spiny heads usually deter grazing animals, horses sometimes will seek it out. Yellow star-thistle tends to spread in rangelands when more palatable plants are consumed. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Centaurea melitensis is native to the Mediterranean region. It is listed as a noxious weed in New Mexico. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 19, p. 193. | FNA vol. 19, p. 193. |
Parent taxa | Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea | Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea |
Sibling taxa | ||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753) |
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