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croix de malte, Maltese knapweed, Maltese star thistle or centaury, Maltese star-thistle, Napa thistle, tocalote

Sicilian star-thistle, sulphur knapweed, sulphur-color Sicilian thistle

Habit Annuals, 10–100 cm, herbage loosely gray-tomentose and villous with jointed multicellular hairs, sometimes minutely scabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted. Annuals, 10–100 cm.
Stems

1–few, few–many branched distally.

simple to openly branched, branches ascending, villous to hispid with septate hairs and loosely tomentose.

Leaves

basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapering to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades oblong to oblanceolate, 2–15 cm, margins entire to dentate or pinnately lobed;

cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong or oblanceolate, 1–5 cm, entire or dentate.

± villous to hispid with septate hairs, minutely resin-gland- dotted;

basal winged-petiolate, blades oblong to oblanceolate, 10–15 cm, margins pinnately lobed, lobes acute, finely dentate;

cauline sessile, long-decurrent with narrow wings, linear-oblong to oblanceolate, 1–6 cm, entire or distally serrate with short, spine-tipped teeth.

Involucres

ovoid, 10–15 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous.

ovoid, 12–30 mm, distally constricted.

Florets

many;

corollas yellow, those of sterile florets 10–12 mm, slender, inconspicuous, those of fertile florets 10–12 mm.

many;

corollas yellow, all ± equal, 25–35 mm;

corollas of sterile florets slender, inconspicuous.

Inner phyllaries

appendages entire, acute or spine-tipped.

appendages acute or spine-tipped.

Heads

disciform, 1–few at branch tips, borne singly or in open leafy corymbiform arrays, sometimes clustered in distal axils, sessile or pedunculate.

disciform, borne singly or in open, few-headed corymbiform arrays, long-pedunculate.

Cypselae

dull white or light brown, ca. 2.5 mm, finely hairy;

pappi of many white, unequal, stiff bristles 2.5–3 mm.

dark brown, 5–8 mm, glabrous;

pappi of many, brown to blackish, unequal bristles 6–7 mm.

Principal

phyllaries: bodies ± stramineous, ovate, appendages purplish, spiny-fringed at base, each tipped by slender spine 5–10 mm.

phyllaries: bodies greenish or stramineous, ovate to elliptic, glabrous, appendages spreading to reflexed, brown to blackish purple, each with palmately radiating cluster of spines, central spine stout, 1–2.5 cm, base dark brown to black, distally stramineous.

2n

= 24.

= 24.

Centaurea melitensis

Centaurea sulphurea

Phenology Flowering mostly spring–summer (Apr–Jul). Flowering spring–summer (May–Jul).
Habitat Roadsides, fields, pine-oak woodlands, chaparral, agricultural areas Disturbed sites, grasslands, woodlands, pastures, roadsides
Elevation 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft) 0–300 m (0–1000 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AZ; CA; GA; ID; IL; MA; MO; MS; NJ; NM; NV; OR; PA; TX; UT; WA; WI; BC; Mexico (Baja California); Europe; Asia; Africa [Widely introduced]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; sw Europe
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Centaurea melitensis is native to the Mediterranean region. It is listed as a noxious weed in New Mexico.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Centaurea sulphurea is considered to be a noxious weed by the state of California.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 19, p. 193. FNA vol. 19, p. 194.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea
Sibling taxa
C. benedicta, C. calcitrapa, C. cyanus, C. depressa, C. diffusa, C. diluta, C. iberica, C. jacea, C. macrocephala, C. montana, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. phrygia, C. scabiosa, C. solstitialis, C. stoebe, C. sulphurea, C. virgata, C. ×moncktonii
C. benedicta, C. calcitrapa, C. cyanus, C. depressa, C. diffusa, C. diluta, C. iberica, C. jacea, C. macrocephala, C. melitensis, C. montana, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. phrygia, C. scabiosa, C. solstitialis, C. stoebe, C. virgata, C. ×moncktonii
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753) Willdenow: Enum. Pl., 930. (1809)
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