Centaurea melitensis |
Centaurea phrygia |
|
---|---|---|
croix de malte, Maltese knapweed, Maltese star thistle or centaury, Maltese star-thistle, Napa thistle, tocalote |
wig knapweed |
|
Habit | Annuals, 10–100 cm, herbage loosely gray-tomentose and villous with jointed multicellular hairs, sometimes minutely scabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted. | Perennials, 15–80 cm. |
Stems | 1–few, few–many branched distally. |
few–many, erect, simple or branched. |
Leaves | basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapering to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades oblong to oblanceolate, 2–15 cm, margins entire to dentate or pinnately lobed; cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong or oblanceolate, 1–5 cm, entire or dentate. |
± arachnoid-tomentose; basal and proximal cauline winged-petiolate, blades lanceolate to ovate, 3–15 cm, margins entire or dentate; distal cauline sessile, sometimes clasping, not decurrent, well developed. |
Involucres | ovoid, 10–15 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous. |
ovoid to ± spheric, 15–20 mm. |
Florets | many; corollas yellow, those of sterile florets 10–12 mm, slender, inconspicuous, those of fertile florets 10–12 mm. |
many, the peripheral sterile; corollas pink or purple, those of sterile much expanded and exceeding corollas of fertile florets, those of fertile 20–25 mm. |
Inner phyllaries | appendages entire, acute or spine-tipped. |
tips erect, ovate or orbiculate, irregularly dentate or lobed. |
Heads | disciform, 1–few at branch tips, borne singly or in open leafy corymbiform arrays, sometimes clustered in distal axils, sessile or pedunculate. |
usually radiant, usually borne singly. |
Cypselae | dull white or light brown, ca. 2.5 mm, finely hairy; pappi of many white, unequal, stiff bristles 2.5–3 mm. |
tan, 3–4 mm, finely hairy; pappi 0 or of many unequal bristles 0.5–2 mm. |
Principal | phyllaries: bodies ± stramineous, ovate, appendages purplish, spiny-fringed at base, each tipped by slender spine 5–10 mm. |
phyllaries: bodies lanceolate to ovate, loosely tomentose or glabrous, appendages brown or blackish, lanceolate to ovate, ± covering bodies of adjacent phyllaries, tips often recurved, elongate, featherlike, pectinately dissected into long, filiform lobes. |
2n | = 24. |
= 22 (Russia), 44 (Slovenia). |
Centaurea melitensis |
Centaurea phrygia |
|
Phenology | Flowering mostly spring–summer (Apr–Jul). | Flowering summer (Jul–Sep). |
Habitat | Roadsides, fields, pine-oak woodlands, chaparral, agricultural areas | Disturbed sites |
Elevation | 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft) | 100–300 m (300–1000 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AZ; CA; GA; ID; IL; MA; MO; MS; NJ; NM; NV; OR; PA; TX; UT; WA; WI; BC; Mexico (Baja California); Europe; Asia; Africa [Widely introduced]
|
FL; IL; MO; NJ; NY; OH; PA; VA; VT; WV; Europe [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Centaurea melitensis is native to the Mediterranean region. It is listed as a noxious weed in New Mexico. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
According to R. J. Moore (1972), reports of Centaurea nervosa Willdenow [C. uniflora Turra subsp. nervosa (Willdenow) Bonnier & Layens] from New York were based on a specimen referable to C. phrygia subsp. phrygia. Moore called these plants C. austriaca Willdenow, which J. Dostál (1976) treated as a synonym of C. phrygia subsp. phrygia. Specimens of Centaurea phrygia are sometimes misidentified as C. nigrescens (or one or another of its synonyms) or as C. nigra. The elongate, often recurved, setose-ciliate tips of the phyllary appendages are a readily recognizable characteristic of this species. Considerable morphologic variation occurs in vegetative features and head dimensions in American material of the species, and it is possible that one or more of the specimens we have identified as C. phrygia represent an extreme variant of one of the members of the C. jacea complex. J. Dostál (1976) recognized 10 subspecies of C. phrygia in Europe. We have chosen not to assign the sparse North American material to subspecies. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 19, p. 193. | FNA vol. 19, p. 188. |
Parent taxa | Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea | Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. austriaca | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 910. (1753) |
Web links |
|