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croix de malte, Maltese knapweed, Maltese star thistle or centaury, Maltese star-thistle, Napa thistle, tocalote

iranian knapweed, low cornflower

Habit Annuals, 10–100 cm, herbage loosely gray-tomentose and villous with jointed multicellular hairs, sometimes minutely scabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted. Annuals, 20–60 cm.
Stems

1–few, few–many branched distally.

usually several–many from base, spreading, ± openly branched distally, loosely gray-tomentose.

Leaves

basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapering to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades oblong to oblanceolate, 2–15 cm, margins entire to dentate or pinnately lobed;

cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong or oblanceolate, 1–5 cm, entire or dentate.

± loosely gray-tomentose;

basal and proximal cauline petiolate, blades oblong, 5–10 cm, margins entire or pinnatifid with terminal segment largest, apices obtuse;

mid and distal cauline sessile, linear-lanceolate to oblong, blades usually not much smaller, entire, mucronate.

Involucres

ovoid, 10–15 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous.

ovoid to campanulate, 15–20 mm.

Florets

many;

corollas yellow, those of sterile florets 10–12 mm, slender, inconspicuous, those of fertile florets 10–12 mm.

25–35;

corollas of sterile florets spreading, dark blue, 25–30 mm, enlarged, those of fertile florets purple, ca. 15 mm.

Phyllaries

bodies green, ovate (outer) to oblong (inner), glabrous, margins and erect appendages silvery white to brown, scarious, fringed with slender teeth 1.5–2 mm.

Inner phyllaries

appendages entire, acute or spine-tipped.

Heads

disciform, 1–few at branch tips, borne singly or in open leafy corymbiform arrays, sometimes clustered in distal axils, sessile or pedunculate.

radiant, borne singly, pedunculate.

Cypselae

dull white or light brown, ca. 2.5 mm, finely hairy;

pappi of many white, unequal, stiff bristles 2.5–3 mm.

brown, 4.5–6 mm, puberulent near attachment scar, otherwise glabrous;

pappi of outer series of unequal stiff bristles 2–8 mm, inner series of slender scales ca. 1.5 mm.

Principal

phyllaries: bodies ± stramineous, ovate, appendages purplish, spiny-fringed at base, each tipped by slender spine 5–10 mm.

2n

= 24.

= 16 (Armenia).

Centaurea melitensis

Centaurea depressa

Phenology Flowering mostly spring–summer (Apr–Jul). Flowering spring–summer (May–Jul).
Habitat Roadsides, fields, pine-oak woodlands, chaparral, agricultural areas Disturbed ground
Elevation 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft) 50–1400 m (200–4600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AZ; CA; GA; ID; IL; MA; MO; MS; NJ; NM; NV; OR; PA; TX; UT; WA; WI; BC; Mexico (Baja California); Europe; Asia; Africa [Widely introduced]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
MD; NV; sw Asia; c Asia [Introduced in North America]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Centaurea melitensis is native to the Mediterranean region. It is listed as a noxious weed in New Mexico.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 19, p. 193. FNA vol. 19, p. 184.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea
Sibling taxa
C. benedicta, C. calcitrapa, C. cyanus, C. depressa, C. diffusa, C. diluta, C. iberica, C. jacea, C. macrocephala, C. montana, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. phrygia, C. scabiosa, C. solstitialis, C. stoebe, C. sulphurea, C. virgata, C. ×moncktonii
C. benedicta, C. calcitrapa, C. cyanus, C. diffusa, C. diluta, C. iberica, C. jacea, C. macrocephala, C. melitensis, C. montana, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. phrygia, C. scabiosa, C. solstitialis, C. stoebe, C. sulphurea, C. virgata, C. ×moncktonii
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753) M. Bieberstein: Fl. Taur.-Caucas. 2: 346. (1808)
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