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croix de malte, Maltese knapweed, Maltese star thistle or centaury, Maltese star-thistle, Napa thistle, tocalote

caltrops, centaurée chausse-trappe, chausse-trappe, purple knapweed, purple star-thistle, red star-thistle

Habit Annuals, 10–100 cm, herbage loosely gray-tomentose and villous with jointed multicellular hairs, sometimes minutely scabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted. Annuals, biennials, or short-lived perennials, 20–100 cm.
Stems

1–few, few–many branched distally.

1–several, often forming rounded mounds, puberulent to loosely tomentose.

Leaves

basal and proximal cauline petiolate or tapering to base, usually absent at anthesis, blades oblong to oblanceolate, 2–15 cm, margins entire to dentate or pinnately lobed;

cauline long-decurrent, blades linear to oblong or oblanceolate, 1–5 cm, entire or dentate.

puberulent to loosely gray-tomentose, becoming ± glabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted;

proximal leaves petiolate, blades 10–20 cm, 1–3 times pinnately dissected, rosette with central cluster of spines;

mid sessile, not decurrent, blades ovate, usually less than 10 cm, narrowly lobed;

distal blades linear to oblong, entire to shallowly lobed.

Involucres

ovoid, 10–15 mm, loosely cobwebby-tomentose or becoming glabrous.

ovoid, 15–20 × 6–8 mm.

Florets

many;

corollas yellow, those of sterile florets 10–12 mm, slender, inconspicuous, those of fertile florets 10–12 mm.

25–40;

corollas purple, all ± equal, 15–24 mm;

sterile corollas slender.

Inner phyllaries

appendages entire, acute or spine-tipped.

appendages truncate, spineless.

Heads

disciform, 1–few at branch tips, borne singly or in open leafy corymbiform arrays, sometimes clustered in distal axils, sessile or pedunculate.

disciform, borne singly or in leafy cymiform arrays, sessile or short-pedunculate.

Cypselae

dull white or light brown, ca. 2.5 mm, finely hairy;

pappi of many white, unequal, stiff bristles 2.5–3 mm.

white or brown-streaked, 2.5–3.4 mm, glabrous;

pappi 0.

Principal

phyllaries: bodies ± stramineous, ovate, appendages purplish, spiny-fringed at base, each tipped by slender spine 5–10 mm.

phyllaries: bodies greenish or stramineous, ovate, scarious-margined, appendages stramineous, spiny fringed at base, each tipped by a stout spreading spine 10–25 mm.

2n

= 24.

= 20.

Centaurea melitensis

Centaurea calcitrapa

Phenology Flowering mostly spring–summer (Apr–Jul). Flowering summer–autumn (Jun–Nov).
Habitat Roadsides, fields, pine-oak woodlands, chaparral, agricultural areas Pastures, fields, roadsides
Elevation 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft) 0–1700 m (0–5600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AZ; CA; GA; ID; IL; MA; MO; MS; NJ; NM; NV; OR; PA; TX; UT; WA; WI; BC; Mexico (Baja California); Europe; Asia; Africa [Widely introduced]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AZ; CA; DC; FL; GA; IA; IL; MA; MD; NJ; NM; NY; OR; PA; UT; VA; WA; ON; Europe; Africa
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Centaurea melitensis is native to the Mediterranean region. It is listed as a noxious weed in New Mexico.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Centaurea calcitrapa is native to southern Europe and northern Africa. It is listed as a noxious weed in Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington. These plants are unpalatable and increase on rangelands as more desirable forage plants are consumed. Dense stands are impenetrable because of the vicious spines on the mature involucres.

Centaurea ×pouzinii de Candolle, an apparently stabilized hybrid between Centaurea aspera (2n = 22) and C. calcitrapa (2n = 20), has been reported from California. A chromosome count of 2n = 42 has been reported from California material of this nothospecies (A. M. Powell et al. 1974). Centaurea ×pouzinii can be distinguished from C. calcitrapa by its shorter spines and by cypselae with a short pappus. Reports of C. calcitrapoides Linnaeus from North America are apparently based on this hybrid.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 19, p. 193. FNA vol. 19, p. 191.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea
Sibling taxa
C. benedicta, C. calcitrapa, C. cyanus, C. depressa, C. diffusa, C. diluta, C. iberica, C. jacea, C. macrocephala, C. montana, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. phrygia, C. scabiosa, C. solstitialis, C. stoebe, C. sulphurea, C. virgata, C. ×moncktonii
C. benedicta, C. cyanus, C. depressa, C. diffusa, C. diluta, C. iberica, C. jacea, C. macrocephala, C. melitensis, C. montana, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. phrygia, C. scabiosa, C. solstitialis, C. stoebe, C. sulphurea, C. virgata, C. ×moncktonii
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753)
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