Centaurea calcitrapa |
Centaurea iberica |
|
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caltrops, centaurée chausse-trappe, chausse-trappe, purple knapweed, purple star-thistle, red star-thistle |
Iberian knapweed, Iberian star thistle or knapweed, Iberian star-thistle |
|
Habit | Annuals, biennials, or short-lived perennials, 20–100 cm. | Annuals, biennials, or short-lived perennials, 20–200 cm. |
Stems | 1–several, often forming rounded mounds, puberulent to loosely tomentose. |
1–several, divaricately much branched, often forming rounded mound, puberulent to loosely tomentose. |
Leaves | puberulent to loosely gray-tomentose, becoming ± glabrous, minutely resin-gland-dotted; proximal leaves petiolate, blades 10–20 cm, 1–3 times pinnately dissected, rosette with central cluster of spines; mid sessile, not decurrent, blades ovate, usually less than 10 cm, narrowly lobed; distal blades linear to oblong, entire to shallowly lobed. |
hispidulous to loosely tomentose, ± glabrate, minutely resin-gland-dotted; proximal leaves petiolate, blades 10–20 cm, margins 1–2 times pinnately lobed or dissected, rosette with central cluster of spines; mid sessile, not decurrent, blades ± lanceolate, shorter; distal blades linear to oblong, entire to coarsely dentate or shallowly lobed. |
Involucres | ovoid, 15–20 × 6–8 mm. |
ovoid to hemispheric, (10–)13–18 mm. |
Florets | 25–40; corollas purple, all ± equal, 15–24 mm; sterile corollas slender. |
many; corollas white, pink, or pale purple, those of sterile florets slender, 15–20 mm, those of fertile florets 15–20 mm. |
Inner phyllaries | appendages truncate, spineless. |
appendages truncate, spineless. |
Heads | disciform, borne singly or in leafy cymiform arrays, sessile or short-pedunculate. |
disciform, borne singly or in leafy cymiform arrays, sessile or short-pedunculate. |
Cypselae | white or brown-streaked, 2.5–3.4 mm, glabrous; pappi 0. |
white- or brown-streaked, 3–4 mm, glabrous; pappi of white bristles 1–2.5(–3) mm. |
Principal | phyllaries: bodies greenish or stramineous, ovate, scarious-margined, appendages stramineous, spiny fringed at base, each tipped by a stout spreading spine 10–25 mm. |
phyllaries: bodies greenish or stramineous, ovate, scarious–margined, appendages stramineous, spiny–fringed at base, each tipped by stout spreading spine (0.5–)1–3 cm. |
2n | = 20. |
= 16, 20. |
Centaurea calcitrapa |
Centaurea iberica |
|
Phenology | Flowering summer–autumn (Jun–Nov). | Flowering summer (Jun–Sep). |
Habitat | Pastures, fields, roadsides | Roadsides, pastures, fields |
Elevation | 0–1700 m (0–5600 ft) | 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AZ; CA; DC; FL; GA; IA; IL; MA; MD; NJ; NM; NY; OR; PA; UT; VA; WA; ON; Europe; Africa
|
CA; KS; OR; WA; WY; Europe; Asia [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Centaurea calcitrapa is native to southern Europe and northern Africa. It is listed as a noxious weed in Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington. These plants are unpalatable and increase on rangelands as more desirable forage plants are consumed. Dense stands are impenetrable because of the vicious spines on the mature involucres. Centaurea ×pouzinii de Candolle, an apparently stabilized hybrid between Centaurea aspera (2n = 22) and C. calcitrapa (2n = 20), has been reported from California. A chromosome count of 2n = 42 has been reported from California material of this nothospecies (A. M. Powell et al. 1974). Centaurea ×pouzinii can be distinguished from C. calcitrapa by its shorter spines and by cypselae with a short pappus. Reports of C. calcitrapoides Linnaeus from North America are apparently based on this hybrid. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Centaurea iberica is native to southeastern Europe through central Asia. Iberian star thistle is considered to be a noxious weed in several states of the western United States. Weed control measures in Oregon and Washington have apparently eradicated the species in those states. Centaurea iberica is very similar to C. calcitrapa, from which it differs by its pappose cypselae and often more robust habit. The Kansas and Wyoming plants were originally reported as C. calcitrapa (R. L. McGregor 1986). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 19, p. 191. | FNA vol. 19, p. 192. |
Parent taxa | Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea | Asteraceae > tribe Cardueae > Centaurea |
Sibling taxa | ||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 917. (1753) | Treviranus ex Sprengel: Syst. Veg. 3: 406. (1826) |
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