| → 2 |
2. Leaf blades widely obovate to suborbiculate, 5–14 mm, apices truncate to retuse; capsules 4–6 mm wide, valves smooth, horns minute or absent. | C. verrucosus |
2. Leaf blades elliptic to obovate, 10–25(–33) mm, apices obtuse; capsules 7–12 mm wide, valves rugulose to weakly ridged near apex, horns prominent. | C. megacarpus |
| → 3 |
3. Shrubs matlike to moundlike, 0.1–1 m; stems spreading to weakly ascending (sometimes erect to ascending in C. maritimus and C. sonomensis), sometimes rooting at nodes. | → 4 |
4. Shrubs matlike, 0.1–0.3 m; stems prostrate or spreading. | → 5 |
5. Leaf blade margins sharply dentate to spinose-dentate, teeth 3–9. | → 6 |
6. Leaves not crowded (shorter than internodes); leaf blade adaxial surfaces green, dull; capsules 4–6 mm wide. | C. confusus |
6. Leaves often crowded (usually longer than internodes); leaf blade adaxial surfaces dark green, shiny; capsules 6–9 mm wide. | C. prostratus |
5. Leaf blade margins entire or denticulate near apex, teeth 0–3. | → 7 |
7. Leaf blade adaxial surfaces dark green, shiny, apices rounded to retuse; capsule horns prominent. | C. fresnensis |
7. Leaf blade adaxial surfaces green to grayish green, dull, apices usually truncate, sometimes obtuse; capsule horns minute or weakly developed bulges. | C. pumilus |
4. Shrubs moundlike, 0.1–1 m; stems ± prostrate, spreading, or weakly ascending. | → 8 |
8. Leaf blade margins spinose-dentate. | → 9 |
9. Leaf blades widely obovate to suborbiculate, 5–12 mm, apices widely notched, marginal teeth 2–4. | C. sonomensis |
9. Leaf blades elliptic, ± oblong, or obovate, 10–20 mm, apices acute or retuse, with an apical tooth, marginal teeth 3–9(–11). | → 10 |
10. Shrubs 0.5–1.5 m; stems ascending to erect. | C. divergens |
10. Shrubs 0.1–0.6 m; stems spreading to weakly ascending. | C. confusus |
8. Leaf blade margins entire, denticulate, or serrulate. | → 11 |
11. Leaf blade abaxial surfaces tomentulose. | C. maritimus |
11. Leaf blade abaxial surfaces strigillose, sometimes only on or between veins, puberulent, or glabrate. | → 12 |
12. Leaf blade margins dentate to denticulate or serrulate most of length, teeth 5–31. | → 13 |
13. Leaves crowded, blades elliptic to obovate, marginal teeth 5–9. | C. prostratus |
13. Leaves not crowded, blades widely elliptic, obovate, or suborbiculate, marginal teeth 9–31. | → 14 |
14. Leaf blades 23–31(–45) mm, marginal teeth 13–31; capsule horns minute, intermediate ridges absent; coastal habitats, 30–200 m. | C. gloriosus |
14. Leaf blades 10–20 mm, marginal teeth 9–15; capsule horns prominent, intermediate ridges present; montane habitats, elevations 1600–2600 m. | C. pinetorum |
12. Leaf blade margins entire, denticulate near apex, or remotely denticulate, teeth 1–5(–7). | → 15 |
15. Leaf blades narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, margins thick to ± revolute, apex usually truncate, sometimes obtuse. | C. pumilus |
15. Leaf blades elliptic to oblanceolate, margins sometimes thick but not revolute, apex acute, obtuse, retuse, or rounded, or ± truncate. | → 16 |
16. Leaf blades folded lengthwise; capsule horns absent or weakly developed bulges; axillary short shoots, if present, erect. | C. roderickii |
16. Leaf blades flat; capsule horns prominent to minute or absent; axillary short shoots, if present, ascending to spreading. | → 17 |
17. Leaf blades apices rounded to obtuse, adaxial surfaces pale green; capsule horns subapical, erect. | C. arcuatus |
17. Leaf blades apices acute to ± truncate; adaxial surfaces grayish green; capsule horns minute or absent, or lateral, spreading. | C. pauciflorus |
3. Plants not matlike or moundlike, 0.5–6 m; stems usually erect to ascending, sometimes spreading, not rooting at nodes. | → 18 |
18. Leaf blade margins spinose-dentate. | → 19 |
19. Stems ± flexible; leaves spreading, abaxial leaf surfaces grayish green. | C. divergens |
19. Stems rigid; leaves spreading to deflexed, abaxial leaf surfaces pale green or pale yellowish green. | → 20 |
20. Sepals, petals, and stamens 5; leaf blade adaxial surfaces green to dark green; capsule valves smooth, horns slender, intermediate ridges absent; on volcanic soils. | C. purpureus |
20. Sepals, petals, and stamens (5–)6(–8); leaf blade adaxial surfaces pale green; capsule valves rugose, horns thick, intermediate ridges present; on serpentine soils. | C. jepsonii |
18. Leaf blade margins entire, dentate, denticulate, or serrulate. | → 21 |
21. Leaf blade margins entire or remotely denticulate, teeth if present minute, 1–7 (8–19 in C. crassifolius). | → 22 |
22. Leaves both fascicled and not fascicled on same plant. | → 23 |
23. Petioles 1–3 mm; leaf blades elliptic, oblanceolate, obovate, or orbiculate, 6–22(–30) × 3–12(–22) mm; capsules 4–6 mm wide, horns prominent. | C. cuneatus |
23. Petioles 0–1 mm; leaf blades narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, 3–7 × 1–3 mm; capsules 3–4 mm wide, horns minute or absent. | C. ophiochilus |
22. Leaves not fascicled. | → 24 |
24. Branchlets light gray to ashy gray, puberulent to tomentulose, hairs curly or wavy, glabrescent; leaf blade adaxial surfaces grayish green, puberulent, hairs curly or wavy, glabrescent. | C. pauciflorus |
24. Branchlets grayish brown to brown, puberulent or tomentulose, hairs straight, sometimes glabrate; leaf blade adaxial surfaces green, glabrous or sparsely tomentulose, hairs straight, glabrescent. | → 25 |
25. Leaf blades widely oblanceolate to widely obovate, 5–11 × 4–7 mm; sepals, petals, and nectaries usually lavender, sometimes pale blue; capsules 5–6 mm wide. | C. cuneatus |
25. Leaf blades elliptic to obovate, 10–40 × 5–15(–20) mm; sepals and petals white, nectaries blue or black; capsules 6–12 mm wide. | → 26 |
26. Leaf blade abaxial surfaces glabrous or strigillose on veins; capsules 7–12 mm wide, horns weakly developed or absent. | C. megacarpus |
26. Leaf blade abaxial surfaces tomentulose; capsules 6–9 mm wide, horns prominent. | C. crassifolius |
21. Leaf blade margins dentate or denticulate, at least distal to middle, teeth 5–35 (3–5 in C. otayensis). | → 27 |
27. Sepals and petals white to cream, nectaries tan to brown, yellow to green, blue, purple, or black. | → 28 |
28. Leaf blade margins revolute or thick, abaxial surfaces tomentulose. | → 29 |
29. Leaf blade margins with 8–19 teeth most of length, apices obtuse to rounded; capsules 5–9 mm wide, horns prominent. | C. crassifolius |
29. Leaf blades margins with 3–5 teeth near apex, apices truncate, retuse, or cuspidate; capsules 4–6 mm wide, horns minute or absent. | C. otayensis |
28. Leaf blade margins thick or not, not revolute, abaxial surfaces sparsely puberulent (hairs curly) or strigillose, sometimes glabrescent. | → 30 |
30. Leaf blade adaxial surfaces dark green; nectaries dark blue to purple; capsules 7–9 mm wide, horns subapical, prominent; serpentine substrates. | C. ferrisiae |
30. Leaf blade adaxial surfaces green to yellowish green; nectaries yellow to green; capsules 4–6 mm wide, horns lateral, usually minute, sometimes absent; granitic or metamorphic substrates. | C. perplexans |
27. Sepals, petals, and nectaries pale blue, blue, or purple. | → 31 |
31. Leaf blades 4–10 × 4–6 mm, margins denticulate distal to middle, teeth 5–9. | C. cuneatus |
31. Leaf blades 7–40 × 4–22 mm, denticulate most of length, teeth 9–35. | → 32 |
32. Sepals, petals, and nectaries pale blue to blue; capsule horns prominent, rugose, intermediate ridges present; montane habitats, 1600–2600 m. | C. pinetorum |
32. Sepals, petals, and nectaries deep blue to purple; capsule horns minute, not rugose, intermediate ridges absent; coastal habitats, 30–500 m. | → 33 |
33. Leaf blades widely elliptic to suborbiculate, 3–40 × 17–22 mm, marginal teeth 13–35. | C. gloriosus |
33. Leaf blades usually elliptic or oval, sometimes suborbiculate, 7–21 × 4–13 mm, marginal teeth 9–17. | C. masonii |