Flora of North America species comparison

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Castilleja lineata

Orobanchaceae

linear-lobed paintbrush, lineated paintbrush, marsh-meadow Indian paintbrush

broom-rape family
Habit Herbs, perennial, 1–4 dm; from a woody caudex; with a taproot. Herbs, rarely subshrubs or shrubs, annual, biennial, or perennial, sometimes fleshy, hemiparasitic or holoparasitic (without chlorophyll) [autotrophic].
Stems

few to many, erect or strongly ascending, unbranched except for small, leafy axillary shoots, hairs spreading-reflexed to ± appressed, matted, long, soft, with much shorter stipitate-glandular ones, white-woolly.

subterranean or aerial;

aerial stems prostrate to decumbent, ascending, or erect [viny].
Leaves

green, linear to narrowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate, 1.3–5 cm, not fleshy, margins plane, sometimes wavy, involute, 3–7-lobed, apex acute;

lobes divergent, spreading-ascending, linear, apex acute to acuminate.

deciduous, cauline or basal and cauline, rarely basal only or absent, sometimes scales, opposite, alternate, whorled, or spiral, simple;

stipules absent;

petiole present or absent;

blade usually not fleshy or leathery, rarely fleshy, leathery, or chartaceous, margins entire, toothed, or lobed.
Inflorescences

5–22 × 1–4.5 cm;

bracts green to yellow-green throughout, or proximally green to yellow-green, distally yellow to sometimes pale yellow-orange, narrowly lanceolate to narrowly oblong or broadly lanceolate, 3(–7)-lobed;

lobes ascending to spreading, linear to oblong, medium length to long, arising near or below mid length, central lobe apex rounded to obtuse, lateral ones acute.

terminal and/or axillary, racemes, panicles, spikes, corymbs, or flowers 1 or 2.
Flowers

bisexual, perianth and androecium hypogynous;

sepals (0 or)2–5(–8), connate, calyx radially or bilaterally symmetric;

petals [4 or]5, connate, corolla bilaterally symmetric, bilabiate or strongly bilabiate, tubular, funnelform, campanulate, salverform, or club-shaped, sometimes cylindric, subrotate, or curved;

stamens (2 or)4, adnate to corolla tube, didynamous, subequal, or equal, staminodes 0 or 2;

pistil 1, 2[or 3]-carpellate, ovary superior, 1- or 2-locular, placentation axile, sometimes parietal;

ovules anatropous or campylotropous-like (Rhinanthus), unitegmic, tenuinucellate;

style 1;

stigma 1.
Corollas

straight or slightly curved, 14–22 mm;

tube 7–14 mm;

beak tip barely exserted from calyx;

beak adaxially greenish, 4–7 mm;

abaxial lip green to yellow, reduced, 1–4 mm, usually less than 67% as long as beak;

teeth erect, white to yellow, 1–2.5 mm.

Calyces

colored as bracts, 15–20 mm;

abaxial and adaxial clefts 5.5–8 mm, 30–50% of calyx length, ± deeper than laterals, sometimes appearing subequal in pressed specimens, lateral 5–6 mm, ca. 33% of calyx length;

lobes linear to narrowly lanceolate, sometimes expanded towards apices, apex acute.

Fruits

capsules, dehiscence loculicidal and/or septicidal or indehiscent (Conopholis).
Seeds

1–2500(–5000), brown or black, sometimes tan, white, yellow, amber, or gray, ovoid to ellipsoid, reniform, globular, oblong, or angled;

embryo straight, endosperm present.
2n

= 24.

Castilleja lineata

Orobanchaceae
Phenology Flowering Jun–Aug.
Habitat Dry to moist slopes and meadows, shores, open conifer forests, montane to alpine.
Elevation 2100–3800 m. (6900–12500 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CO; NM
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
nearly worldwide; especially in warm temperate regions
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Castilleja lineata is restricted to the mountains of northeastern Arizona, southern Colorado, and northwestern New Mexico. It is uncommon throughout its range and is without apparent close relatives. The Navajo used C. lineata as a medicinal plant and for its sweet nectar (D. E. Moerman 1998).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Genera ca. 100, species ca. 2000 (27 genera, 292 species in the flora).

Orobanchaceae are now defined to include both the holoparasitic members traditionally included in the family (A. Cronquist 1981) and the hemiparasitic genera formerly included in Scrophulariaceae. Although multiple research groups focus on members of the Orobanchaceae, a widely accepted infrafamilial classification of the family in the sense of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016) has not yet appeared.

The classification by J. R. McNeal et al. (2013), who found that Orobanchaceae comprise six clades, is followed herein (their named clades are roughly equivalent to tribes). The autotrophic Lindenbergia Lehmann (12 species in the Old World) corresponds to the basal clade sister to the rest of the clades. Species in our region are distributed among the remaining five clades: Cymbarieae D. Don (genus 1), Orobancheae Lamarck & de Candolle (genera 2–6), Rhinantheae Lamarck & de Candolle (genera 7–12), Buchnereae Bentham (genera 13 and 14), and Pedicularideae Duby (genera 15–27). Within the family, genera are arranged alphabetically within tribes, or within Pedicularideae, in subgroups within the tribe.

Parasitic plants attach to their hosts via haustoria (L. J. Irving and D. D. Cameron 2009). Haustoria are produced by both hemiparasitic and holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (E. Fischer 2004). In hemiparasitic taxa, haustoria usually tap their host’s xylem, mostly taking up water, mineral nutrients, and nitrogen from their host, and sometimes also carbon. Holoparasitic taxa derive all of their growth requirements predominantly from the host’s phloem (Irving and Cameron).

Parasitism has evolved once in the family (N. D. Young et al. 1999; J. R. McNeal et al. 2013); holoparasitism has arisen independently three times from the hemiparasitic condition (J. R. Bennett and S. Mathews 2006; McNeal et al.).

Some Orobanchaceae are serious pests, primarily on legume and grain crops in warmer and drier areas, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Striga is a particularly serious pest that parasitizes mostly monocots; S. gesnerioides attacks eudicots (K. I. Mohamed et al. 2006). Orobanche parasitizes eudicot crops primarily in temperate parts of the world (E. S. Teryokhin 1997). All Striga species and non-native species of Orobanche in the flora area are listed on the Federal Noxious Weed List (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/downloads/weedlist.pdf) in the United States.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Plants holoparasitic, achlorophyllous.
→ 2
2. Corollas salverform; annuals.
Striga
2. Corollas short-tubular, tubular, or funnelform; perennials or annuals.
→ 3
3. Flowers cleistogamous and chasmogamous; petals 5 (appearing as 4); stems absent.
Epifagus
3. Flowers chasmogamous; petals 5; stems present.
→ 4
4. Capsules indehiscent; calyces divided abaxially, not divided adaxially; stamens exserted.
Conopholis
4. Capsules dehiscent; calyces divided roughly uniformly abaxially and adaxially; stamens included.
→ 5
5. Corollas tinged pink to purple, yellow, or blue, pallid proximally; palatal folds present (longitudinal folds in abaxial side of tube); calyces narrowly campanulate to campanulate; roots short, sometimes coralloid.
Orobanche
5. Corollas dark red or purple, sometimes yellow; palatal folds absent; calyces cup-shaped; roots absent.
→ 6
6. Inflorescences dense spikes; pedicels absent, bracteoles absent; corollas short-tubular.
Boschniakia
6. Inflorescences compact or open racemes; pedicels present, bracteoles present, rarely absent; corollas funnelform.
Kopsiopsis
1. Plants hemiparasitic, chlorophyllous.
→ 7
7. Corollas bilabiate, adaxial lips not galeate, cucullate, or beaked.
→ 8
8. Corollas salverform.
→ 9
9. Corollas purple, blue-purple, blue, violet, rosy, or white; filaments pilose.
Buchnera
9. Corollas red, brownish red, or purple, rarely white or yellow; filaments glabrous.
Striga
8. Corollas tubular, campanulate, or subrotate.
→ 10
10. Leaves whorled.
Brachystigma
10. Leaves alternate, opposite, or subopposite.
→ 11
11. Leaves alternate.
Agalinis
11. Leaves opposite or subopposite.
→ 12
12. Corollas pale pink to rose purple or purple, rarely white; leaf blade margins entire, rarely proximally cleft, pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid.
Agalinis
12. Corollas yellow or bright orange; leaf blade margins toothed or irregularly lobed, pinnatifid, or 2-pinnatifid, sometimes entire.
→ 13
13. Corollas bright orange, tubular; stamens equal.
Macranthera
13. Corollas yellow, campanulate; stamens didynamous, subequal, or equal.
→ 14
14. Anthers villous.
Aureolaria
14. Anthers glabrous.
→ 15
15. Calyx lobes ovate to oblong-ovate; stamens didynamous.
Dasistoma
15. Calyx lobes linear to lanceolate; stamens equal to subequal.
Seymeria
7. Corollas strongly bilabiate or bilabiate, adaxial lips galeate, cucullate, or beaked.
→ 16
16. Perennials, caudices woody or fleshy.
→ 17
17. Bracteoles present; sepals 5.
Schwalbea
17. Bracteoles absent; sepals 2, 4, or 5.
→ 18
18. Cauline leaves decussate.
Bartsia
18. Cauline leaves alternate, rarely whorled.
→ 19
19. Pollen sacs equal; corollas: adaxial lips sometimes with an upcurved or coiled beak.
Pedicularis
19. Pollen sacs unequal; corollas: adaxial lips straight, rarely hooked.
Castilleja
16. Annuals, rarely biennials, caudices absent.
→ 20
20. Cauline leaves opposite, sometimes subopposite or alternate.
→ 21
21. Leaf blade margins entire, sometimes margins of distal leaves proximally toothed; calyx lobes subulate; seeds 1–4.
Melampyrum
21. Leaf blade margins toothed; calyx lobes deltate, triangular, or lanceolate; seeds (2–)10–450.
→ 22
22. Calyces ovate to suborbiculate, flattened laterally, accrescent in fruit.
Rhinanthus
22. Calyces tubular to campanulate, not flattened laterally, not accrescent in fruit.
→ 23
23. Anther mucros unequal; capsule dehiscence septicidal.
Euphrasia
23. Anther mucros equal or absent; capsule dehiscence loculicidal.
→ 24
24. Filaments glabrous; inflorescences spikelike racemes.
Bellardia
24. Filaments papillose; inflorescences unilateral racemes.
Odontites
20. Cauline leaves alternate, proximals rarely subopposite to opposite.
→ 25
25. Stamens 2.
→ 26
26. Leaf blades: margins of proximals 3-lobed, margins of distals entire.
Cordylanthus
26. Leaf blades: margins entire or pinnately 5–11-lobed.
→ 27
27. Leaf blade margins entire or pinnately 5- or 7-lobed; pollens sacs approximate, connectives not elongate.
Chloropyron
27. Leaf blade margins pinnately 8–11-lobed; pollens sacs separate, connectives elongate.
Dicranostegia
25. Stamens 4.
→ 28
28. Corollas: adaxial lips ± straight, openings directed forward, rarely beaked, bent, or hooked at tip and openings directed downward; stigmas capitate or 2-lobed.
→ 29
29. Cauline leaves alternate; pollen sacs 2.
Castilleja
29. Cauline leaves: proximals usually subopposite to opposite, distals alternate; pollen sacs 1.
Triphysaria
28. Corollas: adaxial lips rounded at apex, sometimes obscurely so, openings directed downward; stigmas not or slightly expanded.
→ 30
30. Sepals 4, calyces tubular.
Orthocarpus
30. Sepals 2, calyces spathelike.
→ 31
31. Leaf blade margins entire; corollas: middle lobes of abaxial lips not revolute; saline marshes, alkaline flats.
Chloropyron
31. Leaf blade margins entire or 3–7-lobed; corollas: middle lobes of abaxial lips tightly revolute; sagebrush scrub, chaparral, woodlands, forests.
Cordylanthus
Source FNA vol. 17, p. 623. FNA vol. 17, p. 456. Authors: Craig C. Freeman, Richard K. Rabeler, Wayne J. Elisens.
Parent taxa Orobanchaceae > Castilleja
Sibling taxa
C. affinis, C. ambigua, C. angustifolia, C. applegatei, C. aquariensis, C. arachnoidea, C. attenuata, C. brevilobata, C. brevistyla, C. campestris, C. cervina, C. chambersii, C. chlorotica, C. christii, C. chromosa, C. chrymactis, C. chrysantha, C. cinerea, C. citrina, C. coccinea, C. collegiorum, C. covilleana, C. crista-galli, C. cryptantha, C. cusickii, C. densiflora, C. dissitiflora, C. disticha, C. elata, C. elegans, C. elmeri, C. exserta, C. flava, C. foliolosa, C. fraterna, C. genevieveana, C. glandulifera, C. gleasoni, C. gracillima, C. grisea, C. haydenii, C. hispida, C. hololeuca, C. hyperborea, C. indivisa, C. integra, C. kaibabensis, C. kerryana, C. kraliana, C. lacera, C. lanata, C. lasiorhyncha, C. lassenensis, C. latifolia, C. lemmonii, C. leschkeana, C. levisecta, C. linariifolia, C. lindheimeri, C. lineariloba, C. litoralis, C. lutescens, C. martini, C. mendocinensis, C. mexicana, C. miniata, C. minor, C. mogollonica, C. mollis, C. montigena, C. nana, C. nelsonii, C. nervata, C. nivea, C. occidentalis, C. oresbia, C. organorum, C. ornata, C. pallescens, C. pallida, C. parviflora, C. parvula, C. patriotica, C. peckiana, C. peirsonii, C. pilosa, C. plagiotoma, C. praeterita, C. pruinosa, C. puberula, C. pulchella, C. purpurascens, C. purpurea, C. raupii, C. revealii, C. rhexiifolia, C. rigida, C. rubicundula, C. rubida, C. rupicola, C. salsuginosa, C. scabrida, C. schizotricha, C. septentrionalis, C. sessiliflora, C. subinclusa, C. suksdorfii, C. tenuiflora, C. tenuis, C. thompsonii, C. tomentosa, C. uliginosa, C. unalaschcensis, C. victoriae, C. viscidula, C. wightii, C. wootonii, C. xanthotricha
Subordinate taxa
Agalinis, Aureolaria, Bartsia, Bellardia, Boschniakia, Brachystigma, Buchnera, Castilleja, Chloropyron, Conopholis, Cordylanthus, Dasistoma, Dicranostegia, Epifagus, Euphrasia, Kopsiopsis, Macranthera, Melampyrum, Odontites, Orobanche, Orthocarpus, Pedicularis, Rhinanthus, Schwalbea, Seymeria, Striga, Triphysaria
Name authority Greene: Pittonia 4: 151. (1900) — (as Castilleia) Ventenat
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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