Castilleja coccinea |
Castilleja peckiana |
|
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painted-cup, red paintbrush, scarlet Indian paintbrush, scarlet paintbrush, scarlet painted-cup |
peak paintbrush, Peck's Indian paintbrush, Peck's paintbrush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual or biennial, 1.2–5(–7) dm; with fibrous roots. | Herbs, perennial, (1.8–)2.4–6 dm; from a woody caudex; with a stout taproot. |
Stems | solitary or few, erect to ascending, unbranched, rarely branched, hairs spreading, long, soft, eglandular, others shorter and glandular. |
few to many, erect or ascending, often branched distally, sometimes unbranched, sometimes with short axillary shoots, proximal hairs retrorse to appressed, short to moderately long, distal hairs spreading, longer, soft, often mixed with short stipitate-glandular ones. |
Leaves | green to sometimes brownish, rosette leaves persisting or withered at anthesis, oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 1–3 cm, usually 0-lobed; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2–7(–8) cm, not fleshy, margins plane, sometimes wavy, involute, 3–7(–9)-lobed, apex acute to acuminate; cauline leaves: lobes spreading to ascending, linear to oblong, (2–)5–25 mm, apex acuminate. |
green, linear-lanceolate, rarely broadly lanceolate, (1.2–)2.5–8(–9) cm, not fleshy, margins plane, flat or involute, 0(–3)-lobed, apex acute to rounded; lobes ascending-spreading, narrowly lanceolate to linear, apex acute or obtuse. |
Inflorescences | 2–35 (longest in fruit) × 1.5–6 cm; bracts proximally greenish to brownish green, distally red, sometimes orange, yellow, or white, lanceolate to obovate, 3(–5)-lobed; lobes spreading-ascending, lanceolate and longer on proximal bracts, becoming oblanceolate, shorter, and wider on distal bracts, arising from distal 3/4 of blade, apex acute to rounded. |
(2–)4–17 × 1.5–3 cm; bracts proximally greenish, distally red, orange-red, or orange, proximal sometimes lanceolate, distal broadly lanceolate to ovate, (0–)3(–7)-lobed; lobes spreading to ascending, linear to lanceolate, long, arising near or below mid length, central lobe apex rounded, lateral ones acute. |
Corollas | straight, 18–31 mm; tube 15–18 mm; abaxial lip ± exserted, beak exserted, often whitish, yellowish, or faint dull reddish proximally, adaxially green distally, 7–10 mm; abaxial lip green to yellowish, apex pink to yellow, reduced, ± protuberant, 1.5–4 mm, 20–33% as long as beak; teeth erect, green or yellow, apices white, yellow, or pink, 2–4(–5) mm. |
straight, 23–30(–35) mm; tube 12–20 mm; beak exserted, adaxially green, 8–12(–14) mm; abaxial lip pale to deep green, reduced, rounded, 0.5–1.5 mm, 10–20% as long as beak; teeth erect to incurved, green, (0.4–)0.7–1.2(–2) mm. |
Calyces | colored as bracts, 17–23(–28) mm; abaxial clefts 6–10 mm, adaxial 5–8 mm, clefts 33–50% of calyx length, deeper than laterals, lateral 0–1 mm, 0–5% of calyx length; lobes oblong to triangular, apex rounded to truncate, sometimes emarginate. |
proximally pale yellow or greenish, distally colored as bracts, (15–)18–28 mm; abaxial and adaxial clefts 6–12 mm, 40–45% of calyx length, deeper than laterals, lateral 2.5–8 mm, 20–30% of calyx length; lobes linear to narrowly lanceolate, apex acute to acuminate. |
2n | = 24, 46, 48. |
= 72, 96, ca. 120. |
Castilleja coccinea |
Castilleja peckiana |
|
Phenology | Flowering Jan–Sep. | Flowering (Apr–)May–Aug. |
Habitat | Damp or wet meadows, roadsides, prairies, swamps, peatlands, ditches, thickets, dunes, jack pine flats, rocky forests, ledges, sandstone, limestone, or granite. | Open conifer forests, sagebrush slopes, riparian meadows, shores. |
Elevation | 0–1200 m. (0–3900 ft.) | 1400–2600 m. (4600–8500 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; MB; ON; SK
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ID; NV; OR
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Discussion | Castilleja coccinea usually has red bracts. Forms with white or yellow bracts have been named but are scattered across the range of the species. However, yellow-bracted forms become markedly more common in populations in the northern portion of the range, especially in the upper midwestern region. Populations of C. coccinea seem ephemeral, disappearing from one site after a few years and appearing in another. It is rare in much of the eastern portion of its range, and apparently is extirpated in Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
When describing Castilleja peckiana, Pennell noted that its variation approached C. hispida on one hand and C. miniata on the other, and it is likely of allopolyploid derivation. L. R. Heckard (1968) found chromosome numbers of n = 36, 48, and ca. 60. He hypothesized that C. chromosa, C. hispida var. acuta, and C. miniata were likely involved in its ancestry, and possibly C. pruinosa as well. Heckard suggested subsequent introgression among the derived forms introduced further complexity. Though complex, these forms are self-perpetuating and appear morphologically stable within their range. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 598. | FNA vol. 17, p. 643. |
Parent taxa | Orobanchaceae > Castilleja | Orobanchaceae > Castilleja |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Bartsia coccinea, C. ludoviciana | |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Sprengel: Syst. Veg. 2: 775. (1825) — (as Castilleia) | Pennell: Notul. Nat. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 74: 9. (1941) |
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