Carex bigelowii subsp. lugens
Carex sect. Phacocystis
brown or red-brown at base.
basal sheaths fibrous or not;
sheath fronts sometimes dotted purple or red, sometimes prominently veined proximally and becoming ladder-fibrillose, membranous;
blades V-shaped or M-shaped in cross section when young, glabrous, sometimes papillose.
racemose, with 2–8(–10) spikes;
proximal bracts scalelike or leaflike, sheathless or short-sheathing;
lateral spikes pistillate, occasionally androgynous, or the distal 1–3 staminate, pedunculate or subsessile, prophyllate, at least 2 times as long as wide;
terminal spikes staminate or, rarely, gynecandrous.
green, uniformly purple-black on apical 1/2, 1.5–2.9 × 0.9–2 mm;
stipe 0–0.15 mm, apex rounded or acute, strongly to minutely papillose.
erect or ascending, rarely spreading, veined or veinless on faces, with 2 prominent marginal veins, sessile or stipitate, elliptic to ovate or obovate, plano-convex or biconvex in cross section, base rounded or tapering, apex rounded or tapering to beak or not, usually papillose or, sometimes, smooth;
beak orifice entire, emarginate, or shallowly bidentate.
biconvex, smaller than bodies of perigynia;
style deciduous.
pistillate spike densely flowered, base cuneate, less often attenuate.
pistillate scales with apex obtuse to acuminate or, at least the proximal, long-awned.
2.
= 27–48.
= 80 (Asia).
Carex bigelowii subsp. lugens
Carex sect. Phacocystis
The chromosome number reported for Carex bigelowii subsp. lugens from eastern Asia indicates that there may be a significant genetic difference between populations of the two regions.
Most floras (I. L. Wiggins and J. H. Thomas 1962; E. Hultén 1968; A. E. Porsild and W. J. Cody 1980) recognize two species, C. lugens and C. consimilis, in the western Arctic, with greater affinities to the eastern Asian members of the complex than to the eastern C. bigelowii. These treatments usually separate C. lugens by the cespitose habit, leaves less than 2 mm wide, and setaceous proximal bract. Careful study of the complex indicates that although there are cespitose and rhizomatous morphs, leaf width, bract width, perigynium size and shape all vary considerably within and between populations and variation is not correlated with habit. It is not known whether variation in habit is due to genetic differences or merely to plant responses to differences in substrate and soil moisture. Long-rhizomatous plants tend to occur in dry tundra, and short-rhizomatous plants tend to occur in wet, peaty muskeg. For that reason, the group is recognized as a single taxon that clearly needs further study.
Carex bigelowii subsp. lugens may intergrade or hybridize with C. scopulorum at the southern edge of the range in the Yukon, as indicated by the wider leaves and large range of variation in the area. Carex sphacelata T. Holm and C. chionophila T. Holm, also described from the Yukon, appear to be hybrids between C. bigelowii subsp. lugens and C. aquatilis.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species 70–90 (31 in the flora).
Carex sect. Phacocystis, while fairly cohesive, contains several distinct groups of species. Members of the Carex acuta group (C. lenticularis, C. nigra, C. rufina, and C. eleusinoides) are slender, cespitose plants that have amphistomatous leaves, bracts longer than the inflorescences, veined, stipitate perigynia distended by the base of the achenes, and chromosome numbers of 2n = 82–86. Members of the C. stricta group (C. schottii, C. senta, C. nudata, and C. angustata) are moderately robust plants with hypostomatous leaves and have scabrous, ladder-fibrillose proximal sheaths, bracts shorter than the inflorescence, and veined perigynia. Several additional groups of two or three species show strong morphologic, anatomical, and chromosomal similarities. This section was previously separated into two sections. Species formerly placed in sect. Cryptocarpae have three-veined, awned scales, pendent spikes, and large achenes that in many species are constricted. Species formerly placed in sect. Acutae have one-veined scales, erect spikes, and smaller achenes that are not constricted. The distinctions do not hold up when variation among all species is considered.
Among the most common groups of wetland sedges in North America, species of sect. Phacocystis usually occur in wetlands, on shores, marshes, or wet tundra.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Pistillate scales with prominent, scabrous awn on at least the proximal scales. | → 2 |
1. Pistillate scales with apex acute, acuminate, or mucronate, lacking prominent, scabrous awn. | → 13 |
2. Leaf blades involute, 1–2 mm wide. | C. subspathacea |
2. Leaf blades not involute, the widest more than 2 mm wide. | → 3 |
3. Perigynia veinless. | → 4 |
3. Perigynia veined. | → 7 |
4. Spikes usually erect; proximal sheaths not ladder-fibrillose. | C. recta |
4. Spikes usually pendent; proximal sheaths ladder-fibrillose. | → 5 |
5. Sheaths glabrous; perigynia obovoid; apex of pistillate scales retuse. | C. crinita |
5. Sheaths scabrous; perigynia broadly ovoid to ellipsoid; apex of pistillate scales truncate to acuminate. | → 6 |
6. Perigynia ovoid to ellipsoid, not papillose over surface; achenes constricted; apex of pistillate scales acuminate. | C. gynandra |
6. Perigynia ovoid, papillose over entire surface; achenes not constricted; apex of pistillate scales truncate. | C. mitchelliana |
7. Proximal bract often spathelike, enclosing spike; achenes glossy, deeply constricted on 1 edge. | C. salina |
7. Proximal bract not spathelike, not enclosing spike; achenes not glossy, constricted or not. | → 8 |
8. Beak of perigynium bidentate, apical teeth to 0.5 mm; achenes not constricted. | → 9 |
8. Beak of perigynium entire, apical teeth not more than 0.3 mm; achenes constricted on 1 or both edges. | → 10 |
9. Sheaths ladder-fibrillose; proximal bract much longer than inflorescence. | C. barbarae |
9. Sheaths not ladder-fibrillose; proximal bract equaling inflorescence. | C. nebrascensis |
10. Perigynia thick-walled, leathery. | → 11 |
10. Perigynia thin-walled, not leathery. | → 12 |
11. Spikes pendent, 5–13 mm thick. | C. paleacea |
11. Spikes erect, 4–7 mm thick. | C. ramenskii |
12. Scales dark purple-brown. | C. vacillans |
12. Scales brown to reddish brown. | C. recta |
13. Proximal bract longer than inflorescence (usually at least 1.5 times as long). | → 14 |
13. Proximal bract shorter than or equal to inflorescence. | → 22 |
14. Sheaths ladder-fibrillose. | → 15 |
14. Sheaths not ladder-fibrillose. | → 16 |
15. Widest leaf blades not more than 7 mm wide; perigynia veinless on faces. | C. obnupta |
15. Widest leaf blades 10–15 mm wide; perigynia 5–7-veined on faces. | C. schottii |
16. Spikes pendent; perigynia yellow-brown, thick-walled, indistinctly veined; scales longer than perigynia, apex acuminate. | C. lyngbyei |
16. Spikes erect or pendent; perigynia green, pale brown, red- or purple-brown, thin-walled, veinless or veined; scales shorter or longer than perigynia, apex not acuminate. | → 17 |
17. Perigynia veinless; achenes glossy. | C. aquatilis |
17. Perigynia veined; achenes dull. | → 18 |
18. Terminal spike staminate. | C. lenticularis |
18. Terminal spike gynecandrous. | → 19 |
19. Scales reddish brown, pale; body and beak of perigynium pale green or pale brown. | C. lenticularis |
19. Scales purple-brown or black; beak of perigynium reddish brown or black, darker than bodies. | → 20 |
20. Perigynia 5–7-veined on each face, ovoid; stipe to 0.5 mm. | C. lenticularis |
20. Perigynia 3–5-veined on each face, ellipsoid; stipe not more than 0.2 mm. | → 21 |
21. Perigynia prominently veined, apex acute; basal sheaths brown. | C. rufina |
21. Perigynia indistinctly veined, apex round; basal sheaths reddish brown. | C. eleusinoides |
22. Proximal sheaths ladder-fibrillose. | → 23 |
22. Proximal sheaths not ladder-fibrillose. | → 28 |
23. Scales pale red-brown. | → 24 |
23. Scales dark red-brown or black. | → 25 |
24. Scales longer than perigynia; perigynia olive-green, veinless, inflated, obovoid. | C. haydenii |
24. Scales shorter than or equaling perigynia; perigynia pale brown, 0–5-veined on each face, not inflated, ovoid. | C. stricta |
25. Perigynia veinless. | C. scopulorum |
25. Perigynia veined. | → 26 |
26. Perigynia 1–3-veined on each face. | C. angustata |
26. Perigynia 3–9-veined on each face. | → 27 |
27. Perigynia broadly ellipsoid or ovoid, 2–2.2 mm wide, somewhat thick-walled and leathery; scales red-brown; plants not cespitose. | C. senta |
27. Perigynia narrowly ovoid or ellipsoid, 1.2–1.8 mm wide, thin-walled and leathery; scales red-brown; plants cespitose. | C. nudata |
28. Perigynia veined. | → 29 |
28. Perigynia veinless. | → 30 |
29. Scales black; perigynia with purple-brown spots distally; apex of proximal sheaths truncate. | C. nigra |
29. Scales pale red-brown; perigynia green; apex of proximal sheaths prolonged. | C. emoryi |
30. Perigynia with apex tapering, flat, triangular, twisted; beak orifice obliquely bidentate. | → 31 |
30. Perigynia with apex round or acute, not twisted; beak orifice obliquely bidentate or entire. | → 32 |
31. Perigynia orange-brown, obovoid; scales black. | C. endlichii |
31. Perigynia green, ovoid; scales red- to purple-brown. | C. torta |
32. Perigynia distended by achenes, fragile, often splitting; beak obliquely bidentate. | C. interrupta |
32. Perigynia not distended or split by achenes; beak orifice entire. | → 33 |
33. Perigynia inflated, obovoid; scales longer than perigynia, apex acute or acuminate. | C. aperta |
33. Perigynia flat, ellipsoid or obovoid; scales shorter than or equaling perigynia, apex acute or obtuse. | → 34 |
34. Leaf blades 3.5–5 mm wide; pistillate spikes 4–5 mm thick; perigynia ellipsoid or obovoid, 2.5–4 mm. | C. scopulorum |
34. Leaf blades 2–3.5 mm wide; pistillate spikes 3–4 mm thick; perigynia ellipsoid, 2–3 mm. | C. bigelowii |
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