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purple bittercress

broadleaf toothwort, crinkleroot, two-leaf toothwort

Habit Perennials; (often cespitose); hirsute. Perennials; usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent.
Rhizomes

vertical, 1–3 mm diam., (not fleshy).

(unsegmented), cylindrical, 2–10 mm diam., (somewhat uniform, fleshy, not fragile, with dentate leaf scars).

Stems

(simple or few to several from base), usually erect, unbranched, (0.3–)0.5–1.2(–1.5) dm.

erect, unbranched, (1.2–)1.5–3.5(–4) dm, rarely sparsely pubescent distally.

Basal leaves

sometimes rosulate, usually 3 or 5-foliolate, rarely simple, (1.5–)2.5–7 cm, leaflets petiolulate or sessile;

petiole (1.2–)2–5 cm;

lateral lobes or leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, distinctly smaller;

terminal lobe or leaflet petiolulate (0.05–0.6 cm), blade reniform or suborbicular to broadly ovate, 0.3–1 cm × 4–15 mm, base subcordate to rounded, margins entire, repand, or obscurely 2-toothed.

Rhizomal leaves

3-foliolate, (5.5–)8–22(–26) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile;

petiole (3–)4.5–16(–20) cm;

lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolulate, blade often similar to terminal, base sometimes oblique;

terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.5–1.2 cm), blade ovate-elliptic to broadly ovate, (2–)3.5–8(–10) cm × (5–)20–65(–80) mm, base cuneate to obtuse, margins coarsely crenate or dentate, (surfaces puberulent, trichomes to 0.1 mm).

Cauline leaves

1–3, usually compound, rarely simple, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile;

petiole (0.2–)0.5–2 cm, base not auriculate;

similar to basal, smaller.

2 (or 3) [(sub)opposite], 3-foliolate, (similar to rhizomal leaves), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile;

petiole (1–)2–4.5 cm, base not auriculate;

lateral leaflets similar to terminal;

terminal leaflet subsessile or petiolulate (0.2–1 cm), blade broadly elliptic to ovate, (2–)4–8(–10) cm × 10–50 mm, margins coarsely dentate or crenate, (margins minutely puberulent).

Racemes

ebracteate.

ebracteate.

Flowers

sepals oblong, 2–3(–4) × 1.4–1.7 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally;

petals usually purple to pink, rarely white, obovate, 5–7(–9) × 3–4(–5) mm, (clawed, apex rounded);

filaments: median pairs 2.5–3.5 mm, lateral pair 1.5–3.5 mm;

anthers oblong, 0.6–0.9 mm.

sepals oblong, (4–)5–8 × 2–3 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally;

petals white or pink to purple, obovate to oblanceolate, (7–)9–15(–17) × (3–)4–7 mm, (short-clawed, apex rounded);

filaments: median pairs 5–8 mm, lateral pair 3.5–6 mm;

anthers linear to oblong, 2.5–3 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

suberect, ascending, or divaricate, 5–12 mm, pubescent.

ascending to divaricate, (10–)15–30(–36) mm.

Fruits

linear, 1.5–2.5 cm × 1.5–1.8 mm;

ovules 10–14 per ovary;

style 1–2.5 mm.

linear-lanceolate, 1.5–4 cm × 1.5–2.5 mm;

ovules 10–14 per ovary;

style 4–8(–10) mm.

Seeds

brown, oblong to broadly ovoid, 1.7–2.1 × 1.4–1.7 mm.

(rarely produced) brown, oblong, 2–2.2 × 1.2–1.5 mm (cotyledons incumbent).

2n

= 96.

= 96.

Cardamine purpurea

Cardamine diphylla

Phenology Flowering Jun–Aug. Flowering Apr–Jun.
Habitat Moist tundra, damp woods and ravines, alpine turf, river flats, peaty subarctic meadows, streamsides, moist slopes Wooded bottoms and ravines, cliffs, bluffs, ledges, shaded slopes, meadows, moist fields, alluvial banks, rich woods
Elevation 600-1800 m (2000-5900 ft) 50-1300 m (200-4300 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; YT; e Asia (Russian Far East)
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; GA; IL; IN; KY; MA; ME; MI; MN; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SC; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NS; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Source FNA vol. 7, p. 483. FNA vol. 7, p. 472.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine
Sibling taxa
C. angulata, C. angustata, C. bellidifolia, C. blaisdellii, C. breweri, C. bulbosa, C. californica, C. clematitis, C. concatenata, C. constancei, C. cordifolia, C. digitata, C. diphylla, C. dissecta, C. douglassii, C. flagellifera, C. flexuosa, C. hirsuta, C. holmgrenii, C. impatiens, C. longii, C. macrocarpa, C. maxima, C. micranthera, C. microphylla, C. nuttallii, C. nymanii, C. occidentalis, C. oligosperma, C. pachystigma, C. parviflora, C. pattersonii, C. penduliflora, C. pensylvanica, C. pratensis, C. rotundifolia, C. rupicola, C. umbellata
C. angulata, C. angustata, C. bellidifolia, C. blaisdellii, C. breweri, C. bulbosa, C. californica, C. clematitis, C. concatenata, C. constancei, C. cordifolia, C. digitata, C. dissecta, C. douglassii, C. flagellifera, C. flexuosa, C. hirsuta, C. holmgrenii, C. impatiens, C. longii, C. macrocarpa, C. maxima, C. micranthera, C. microphylla, C. nuttallii, C. nymanii, C. occidentalis, C. oligosperma, C. pachystigma, C. parviflora, C. pattersonii, C. penduliflora, C. pensylvanica, C. pratensis, C. purpurea, C. rotundifolia, C. rupicola, C. umbellata
Synonyms C. purpurea var. albiflora, C. purpurea var. albiflos, C. purpurea var. lactiflora Dentaria diphylla, Dentaria bifolia, Dentaria incisa
Name authority Chamisso & Schlechtendal: Linnaea 1: 20. (1826) (Michaux) Alph. Wood: Amer. Bot. Fl., 37. (1870)
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