Cardamine pensylvanica |
Cardamine penduliflora |
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Pennsylvania bitter-cress, pennsylvanian bitter-cress, Quaker bitter-cress |
wetlands bitter-cress, Willamette Valley bitter-cress |
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Habit | Annuals or biennials; sparsely hirsute basally, glabrous distally. | Perennials; glabrous throughout. |
Rhizomes | absent. |
(tuberiform, fragile), 4–9(–11) mm diam., (fleshy). |
Stems | (simple from base), erect, (not flexuous), unbranched or branched distally, (0.5–)1.5–5.5(–7) dm. |
erect or decumbent at base, unbranched, 2–6(–7.5) dm. |
Basal leaves | (soon withered), not rosulate, similar to proximalmost cauline leaves, 4–15 cm. |
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Rhizomal leaves | 5–13-foliolate, (4–)10–18(–25) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (3–)5–12(–17) cm; lateral leaflets subsessile, blade similar to terminal, sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.4–0.7 cm), blade oblong to elliptic or ovate, (0.4–)0.7–1.7(–2) cm, base cuneate or obtuse, margins entire or obscurely 3-lobed. |
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Cauline leaves | (3–)5–20(–35), pinnately (5 or) 7–13(–19)-foliolate, sometimes appearing pinnatisect, lobe number similar to leaflets (middle and proximal ones 2–11 cm), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate, subsessile, or sessile; petiole (0.4–)1–3.5(–4.5) cm, base not auriculate, (often sparsely hirsute); lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate or sessile, (decurrent on rachis smaller than terminal, distalmost blades narrower, with fewer lobes or leaflets), margins entire or crenate; terminal leaflet (subsessile or petiolule to 1 cm), blade suborbicular, obovate to oblanceolate, or elliptic, 1.3–3(–4) cm × 6–25 mm, base often cuneate, margins entire, repand, or obscurely 3 or 5-lobed. |
2–6, 5–11-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole 3–10 cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, smaller; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.5–1.5 cm), blade narrowly ovate or oblong to oblanceolate, 1.5–3.5 cm × 2–15 mm, margins entire or toothed to 3-lobed. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, (1–)1.3–2.3 × 0.5–1 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, narrowly spatulate to oblanceolate, 2–3.5(–4) × 0.8–1.5 mm, (not clawed); filaments: median pairs 1.5–2.5 mm, lateral pair 1–2 mm; anthers ovate, 0.2–0.3 mm. |
sepals oblong to ovate, 3.5–5 × 1.8–2.5 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals white, obovate, 12–16 × 6–8 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded or subemarginate); filaments: median pairs 6–7 mm, lateral pair 4–5 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5–1.8 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | divaricate-ascending, (3–)4–10(–13) mm. |
ascending to divaricate, (10–)20–40(–60) mm. |
Fruits | linear, (torulose), (1.4–)1.7–2.7(–3.2) cm × 0.8–1.1 mm; ovules 40–80 per ovary; style 0.5–1 mm. |
linear, 2.5–4.5 cm × 1.4–2 mm; ovules 12–24 per ovary; style 4–6 mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong to ovoid, 0.7–1.1 × 0.5–0.8 mm. |
brown, oblong, 1.8–2 × 1–1.5 mm. |
2n | = 32, 64. |
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Cardamine pensylvanica |
Cardamine penduliflora |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jul. | Flowering Mar–May. |
Habitat | Marshes, streams, swamps, ditches, seepage, springs, lake margins, mesic bottomland and upland forests, wet areas, ledges of sheltered bluffs, banks and shallow water of streams and spring branches, margins of crop fields, waste ground | Shallow pools, wet grounds, marshes, meadows, creeks, channels, swampy woods |
Elevation | 0-2800 m (0-9200 ft) | 50-150 m (200-500 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT
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OR
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Discussion | We have not seen material of Cardamine pensylvanica from Nebraska or South Dakota; it is very likely that the species grows in these states as well. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Cardamine penduliflora is known from Douglas County north into Benton, Lane, Marion, Polk, and Yamhill counties. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 482. | FNA vol. 7, p. 481. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. breweri var. oregana, C. flexuosa subsp. pensylvanica, C. hirsuta var. pensylvanica, C. multifolia, C. oregana, C. pensylvanica var. brittoniana, C. rotundifolia var. diversifolia, Dracamine pensylvanica | C. rariflora |
Name authority | Muhlenberg ex Willdenow: Sp. Pl. 3: 486. (1801) | O. E. Schulz: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 538. (1903) |
Web links |
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