Cardamine pensylvanica |
Cardamine impatiens |
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Pennsylvania bitter-cress, pennsylvanian bitter-cress, Quaker bitter-cress |
narrow-leaf bitter-cress |
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Habit | Annuals or biennials; sparsely hirsute basally, glabrous distally. | Biennials or, rarely, annuals; usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent basally. |
Rhizomes | absent. |
absent. |
Stems | (simple from base), erect, (not flexuous), unbranched or branched distally, (0.5–)1.5–5.5(–7) dm. |
erect, (angled, sometimes flexuous), unbranched basally, usually branched distally, (1.2–)2–6.5(–9) dm. |
Basal leaves | (soon withered), not rosulate, similar to proximalmost cauline leaves, 4–15 cm. |
(often withered by flowering), rosulate, similar to cauline, with fewer distal leaflets. |
Cauline leaves | (3–)5–20(–35), pinnately (5 or) 7–13(–19)-foliolate, sometimes appearing pinnatisect, lobe number similar to leaflets (middle and proximal ones 2–11 cm), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate, subsessile, or sessile; petiole (0.4–)1–3.5(–4.5) cm, base not auriculate, (often sparsely hirsute); lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate or sessile, (decurrent on rachis smaller than terminal, distalmost blades narrower, with fewer lobes or leaflets), margins entire or crenate; terminal leaflet (subsessile or petiolule to 1 cm), blade suborbicular, obovate to oblanceolate, or elliptic, 1.3–3(–4) cm × 6–25 mm, base often cuneate, margins entire, repand, or obscurely 3 or 5-lobed. |
9–24, (9–)13–25-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate; petiole 2–6 cm, base auriculate (auricles to 10 × 2.2 mm); lateral leaflets similar to terminal, blade often smaller; terminal leaflet (petiolule to 0.5 cm), blade orbicular, obovate, ovate, or lanceolate, 1–4(–5) cm × 5–17 mm, margins entire or 3–5(–9)-toothed or -lobed. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, (1–)1.3–2.3 × 0.5–1 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, narrowly spatulate to oblanceolate, 2–3.5(–4) × 0.8–1.5 mm, (not clawed); filaments: median pairs 1.5–2.5 mm, lateral pair 1–2 mm; anthers ovate, 0.2–0.3 mm. |
sepals oblong, 1.2–2(–2.5) × 0.7–1(–1.2) mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals (rarely absent), white, oblanceolate, 1.5–4(–5) × 0.6–1.2 mm; filaments 2–3(–4) mm; anthers ovate, 0.3–0.5 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | divaricate-ascending, (3–)4–10(–13) mm. |
divaricate or ascending, 3.5–12(–15) mm. |
Fruits | linear, (torulose), (1.4–)1.7–2.7(–3.2) cm × 0.8–1.1 mm; ovules 40–80 per ovary; style 0.5–1 mm. |
linear, (torulose), (1–)1.6–3(–3.5) cm × 0.9–1.5 mm; (valves glabrous or, rarely, pilose); ovules 10–30 per ovary; style 0.6–1.6(–2) mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong to ovoid, 0.7–1.1 × 0.5–0.8 mm. |
brown, oblong, 1.1–1.5 × 0.8–1 mm, (compressed, sometimes narrowly winged apically). |
2n | = 32, 64. |
= 16. |
Cardamine pensylvanica |
Cardamine impatiens |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jul. | Flowering May–Jul. |
Habitat | Marshes, streams, swamps, ditches, seepage, springs, lake margins, mesic bottomland and upland forests, wet areas, ledges of sheltered bluffs, banks and shallow water of streams and spring branches, margins of crop fields, waste ground | Streamsides, slopes, roadsides, fields, disturbed areas |
Elevation | 0-2800 m (0-9200 ft) | 0-200 m (0-700 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT
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CT; KY; MI; MN; NH; OH; PA; VA; WV; ON; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South Africa]
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Discussion | We have not seen material of Cardamine pensylvanica from Nebraska or South Dakota; it is very likely that the species grows in these states as well. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 482. | FNA vol. 7, p. 476. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. breweri var. oregana, C. flexuosa subsp. pensylvanica, C. hirsuta var. pensylvanica, C. multifolia, C. oregana, C. pensylvanica var. brittoniana, C. rotundifolia var. diversifolia, Dracamine pensylvanica | C. impatiens var. angustifolia |
Name authority | Muhlenberg ex Willdenow: Sp. Pl. 3: 486. (1801) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 655. (1753) |
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