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Cardamine penduliflora

wetlands bitter-cress, Willamette Valley bitter-cress

hairy bitter-cress, shotweed

Habit Perennials; glabrous throughout. Annuals; sparsely hirsute basally (at least on petiole of basal leaves), often glabrous distally.
Rhizomes

(tuberiform, fragile), 4–9(–11) mm diam., (fleshy).

absent.

Stems

erect or decumbent at base, unbranched, 2–6(–7.5) dm.

erect, ascending, or decumbent, unbranched or branched basally and/or distally, (0.3–)1–3.5(–4.5) dm, (not flexuous).

Basal leaves

(persistent to anthesis), rosulate, (5–)8–15(–22)-foliolate, (2–)3.5–15(–17) cm, leaflets petiolulate;

petiole 0.5–5 cm, (ciliate);

lateral leaflet blade oblong, ovate, obovate, or orbicular, smaller than terminal, margins entire, repand, crenate, or 3-lobed;

terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.2–1 cm), blade reniform or orbicular, 0.4–2 cm × 6–30 mm, margins entire, repand, dentate, or 3 or 5-lobed.

Rhizomal leaves

5–13-foliolate, (4–)10–18(–25) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile;

petiole (3–)5–12(–17) cm;

lateral leaflets subsessile, blade similar to terminal, sometimes smaller;

terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.4–0.7 cm), blade oblong to elliptic or ovate, (0.4–)0.7–1.7(–2) cm, base cuneate or obtuse, margins entire or obscurely 3-lobed.

Cauline leaves

2–6, 5–11-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile;

petiole 3–10 cm, base not auriculate;

lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, smaller;

terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.5–1.5 cm), blade narrowly ovate or oblong to oblanceolate, 1.5–3.5 cm × 2–15 mm, margins entire or toothed to 3-lobed.

1–4(–6), compound as basal, petiolate, [(0.5–)1.2–5.5(–7) cm, including petiole], leaflets petiolulate;

blade base not auriculate;

leaflets similar to basal.

Racemes

ebracteate.

ebracteate.

Flowers

sepals oblong to ovate, 3.5–5 × 1.8–2.5 mm, lateral pair saccate basally;

petals white, obovate, 12–16 × 6–8 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded or subemarginate);

filaments: median pairs 6–7 mm, lateral pair 4–5 mm;

anthers oblong, 1.5–1.8 mm.

sepals oblong, 1.5–2.5 × 0.3–0.7 mm, lateral pair not saccate;

petals (sometimes absent) white, spatulate, 2.5–4.5(–5) × 0.5–1.1 mm; (stamens usually 4, lateral pair often absent, rarely 5 or 6);

filaments 1.8–3 mm;

anthers ovate, 0.3–0.5 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending to divaricate, (10–)20–40(–60) mm.

erect to ascending, (2–)3–10(–14) mm.

Fruits

linear, 2.5–4.5 cm × 1.4–2 mm;

ovules 12–24 per ovary;

style 4–6 mm.

linear, (torulose), (0.9–)1.5–2.5(–2.8) cm × (0.8–)1–1.4 mm, (often appressed to rachis);

ovules 14–40 per ovary;

style 0.1–0.6(–1) mm.

Seeds

brown, oblong, 1.8–2 × 1–1.5 mm.

light brown, oblong or subquadrate, 0.9–1.3(–1.5) × 0.6–0.9(–1.1) mm, (narrowly margined).

2n

= 16.

Cardamine penduliflora

Cardamine hirsuta

Phenology Flowering Mar–May. Flowering Feb–Jul.
Habitat Shallow pools, wet grounds, marshes, meadows, creeks, channels, swampy woods Roadsides, clearings, disturbed sites, slopes, cedar glades, mixed woods, meadows, fields, waste grounds, damp places, grassy areas
Elevation 50-150 m (200-500 ft) 0-700 m (0-2300 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IL; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; SC; TN; TX; UT; VA; WA; WV; BC; ON; w Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Central America, South America, e Asia (Japan), South Africa, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Cardamine penduliflora is known from Douglas County north into Benton, Lane, Marion, Polk, and Yamhill counties.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Herbarium specimens of Cardamine hirsuta have been misidentified as C. oligosperma.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 481. FNA vol. 7, p. 475.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine
Sibling taxa
C. angulata, C. angustata, C. bellidifolia, C. blaisdellii, C. breweri, C. bulbosa, C. californica, C. clematitis, C. concatenata, C. constancei, C. cordifolia, C. digitata, C. diphylla, C. dissecta, C. douglassii, C. flagellifera, C. flexuosa, C. hirsuta, C. holmgrenii, C. impatiens, C. longii, C. macrocarpa, C. maxima, C. micranthera, C. microphylla, C. nuttallii, C. nymanii, C. occidentalis, C. oligosperma, C. pachystigma, C. parviflora, C. pattersonii, C. pensylvanica, C. pratensis, C. purpurea, C. rotundifolia, C. rupicola, C. umbellata
C. angulata, C. angustata, C. bellidifolia, C. blaisdellii, C. breweri, C. bulbosa, C. californica, C. clematitis, C. concatenata, C. constancei, C. cordifolia, C. digitata, C. diphylla, C. dissecta, C. douglassii, C. flagellifera, C. flexuosa, C. holmgrenii, C. impatiens, C. longii, C. macrocarpa, C. maxima, C. micranthera, C. microphylla, C. nuttallii, C. nymanii, C. occidentalis, C. oligosperma, C. pachystigma, C. parviflora, C. pattersonii, C. penduliflora, C. pensylvanica, C. pratensis, C. purpurea, C. rotundifolia, C. rupicola, C. umbellata
Synonyms C. rariflora
Name authority O. E. Schulz: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 538. (1903) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 655. (1753)
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