Cardamine pachystigma |
Cardamine californica |
|
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rock toothwort, serpentine bittercress |
California toothwort, coast toothwort, milk maids, tooth wort |
|
Habit | Perennials; glabrous. | Perennials; usually glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent. |
Rhizomes | ovoid to oblong, (3–)4–18 mm diam., (fleshy, deeply underground). |
(tuberiform, fragile), globose to ovoid or suboblong, (3–)4–10 mm diam., (fleshy, deeply underground). |
Stems | erect, unbranched, 1–3 dm. |
erect, unbranched, (2–)2.7–6(–7)dm, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent. |
Rhizomal leaves | simple, 1.2–2.3 cm; petiole 6.7–19.5 cm; blade orbicular to reniform, or cordate to broadly ovate, 2.7–5.5 cm × 30–68 mm, base cordate to subtruncate, margins with obtuse teeth terminating in apiculae. |
3 (or 5–7)-foliolate, sometimes simple, 8–25(–38) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (5–)8–25(–32) cm; lateral leaflets (when present) petiolulate to subsessile, blade similar to terminal, sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet (petiolule (0.7–)2–5(–11) cm), blade (of simple leaf) ovate to orbicular to broadly cordate or reniform, (1.5–)2.5–7.5(–10) cm × (12–)20–90(–130) mm, base obtuse to cordate, margins entire or dentate to shallowly sinuate, (often with apiculae at veins ending at margin, sometimes minutely pubescent on veins). |
Cauline leaves | 2–5, (crowded distally), simple; petiole 0.3–2.6 cm, base not auriculate; blade similar to basal, 1.8–5.5 cm × 12–47mm, base cuneate or obtuse to subcordate, marginal teeth apiculate. |
2–5, usually 3 (or 5)-foliolate, rarely simple, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole 1–5(–9) cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, smaller, margins usually dentate, rarely entire; terminal leaflet sessile or petiolulate, blade usually broadly ovate to suborbicular or lanceolate, rarely narrowly oblong, 1–7 cm × (5–)10–47(–65) mm. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, 4–7 × 2–2.5 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals usually pink or purple, rarely white, obovate to oblanceolate, 14–18 × 5–7 mm, (claw to 9 mm, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 7–8 mm, lateral pair 5.5–6.5 mm; anthers oblong, ca. 1.5 mm. |
sepals (erect to ascending), oblong, 3.5–4.5(–5.5) × 1.5–2(–2.5) mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals white to pale rose, often broadly obovate, 8–13(–15) × 4–8 mm (clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 4–6.5 mm, lateral pair 3–4 mm; anthers oblong, 1.2–1.7 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | divaricate to ascending, 7–24 mm. |
ascending to divaricate, 10–33(–41) mm. |
Fruits | linear, 3.2–5.4 cm × 2.2–4 mm; ovules 10–14 per ovary; style 4–7 mm. |
linear, 2.2–5.4(–6) cm × 2–3 mm; ovules 12–22 per ovary; style 2–5(–6) mm. |
Seeds | brown, broadly ovoid, 2–2.8 × 1.8–2.5 mm. |
dark brown, oblong to broadly ovoid, 1.7–2.8 × 1.2–1.8 mm. |
2n | = 32. |
|
Cardamine pachystigma |
Cardamine californica |
|
Phenology | Flowering Mar–May. | Flowering Jan–May. |
Habitat | Forests, lava slides, talus, cliffs | Wooded ravines, forest floors, shady slopes, open woods, shady rock crevices, stream banks and bottoms, canyons, moist hillsides, cliffs |
Elevation | 700-2900 m (2300-9500 ft) | 0-1400 m (0-4600 ft) |
Distribution |
CA
|
CA; Mexico (Baja California)
|
Discussion | Cardamine pachystigma is known from the disjunct counties of Plumas, Tehama, and Tulare. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The synonymy above suggests that Schulz, Detling, and Rollins did not agree on the characters used or the number and rank of taxa recognized. The taxonomy of this complex is based solely on differences in the number of leaflets, their division, size, and shape, all other aspects of these plants (e.g., rhizomes, flowers, fruits, and seeds) being fairly uniform. Indeed, the infraspecific taxa recognized represent only part of the overall variation in the species, and one is faced with either recognizing poorly defined infraspecific taxa or treating the entire complex as a single polymorphic species. In the absence of thorough biosystematic and molecular studies on this group, we prefer not to recognize any infraspecific taxa. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 480. | FNA vol. 7, p. 469. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Dentaria californica var. pachystigma, C. californica var. pachystigma, Dentaria corymbosa var. grata, Dentaria pachystigma | Dentaria californica, C. californica var. brevistyla, C. californica var. cardiophylla, C. californica subsp. cuneata, C. californica var. cuneata, C. californica var. fecunda, C. californica var. integrifolia, C. californica var. pubescens, C. californica var. robinsoniana, C. californica var. sinuata, C. cardiophylla, C. cuneata, C. integrifolia, C. integrifolia var. sinuata, C. pachystigma var. dissectifolia, C. paucisecta, C. sinuata, Dentaria californica var. cardiophylla, Dentaria californica var. cuneata, Dentaria californica var. integrifolia, Dentaria californica var. sinuata, Dentaria cardiophylla, Dentaria cuneata, Dentaria integrifolia, Dentaria integrifolia var. californica, Dentaria integrifolia var. cardiophylla, Dentaria integrifolia var. traceyi, Dentaria pachystigma var. dissectifolia, Dentaria sinuata |
Name authority | (S. Watson) Rollins: Harvard Pap. Bot. 1(4): 45. (1993) | (Nuttall) Greene: Fl. Francisc., 266. (1891) |
Web links |