Cardamine nymanii |
Cardamine californica |
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cuckoo bitter-cress, lady smock, northern field bitter-cress |
California toothwort, coast toothwort, milk maids, tooth wort |
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Habit | Perennials; (cespitose); glabrous. | Perennials; usually glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent. |
Rhizomes | absent. |
(tuberiform, fragile), globose to ovoid or suboblong, (3–)4–10 mm diam., (fleshy, deeply underground). |
Stems | erect, unbranched or, rarely, branched, 0.5–1.6(–3.5) dm. |
erect, unbranched, (2–)2.7–6(–7)dm, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent. |
Basal leaves | (7 or) 9–21-foliolate, (thick, veins impressed); leaflets petiolulate or sessile; lateral lobes or leaflets similar to terminal; terminal lobe or leaflet blade orbicular, broadly ovate to lanceolate, base rounded to cuneate, margins usually entire. |
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Rhizomal leaves | 3 (or 5–7)-foliolate, sometimes simple, 8–25(–38) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (5–)8–25(–32) cm; lateral leaflets (when present) petiolulate to subsessile, blade similar to terminal, sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet (petiolule (0.7–)2–5(–11) cm), blade (of simple leaf) ovate to orbicular to broadly cordate or reniform, (1.5–)2.5–7.5(–10) cm × (12–)20–90(–130) mm, base obtuse to cordate, margins entire or dentate to shallowly sinuate, (often with apiculae at veins ending at margin, sometimes minutely pubescent on veins). |
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Cauline leaves | 2–4(–7), pinnatisect or pinnately compound, (7 or) 9–21-foliolate, (thick, veins impressed), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole base not auriculate; lobes or leaflets (of proximal leaves) (4–)7–10 each side of rachis, fewer distally, distal leaves with 4 or 5 lobes or leaflets each side of rachis; terminal leaflet petiolulate or sessile, blade (or lobe) narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, base cuneate, margins entire. |
2–5, usually 3 (or 5)-foliolate, rarely simple, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole 1–5(–9) cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, smaller, margins usually dentate, rarely entire; terminal leaflet sessile or petiolulate, blade usually broadly ovate to suborbicular or lanceolate, rarely narrowly oblong, 1–7 cm × (5–)10–47(–65) mm. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong or ovate, 3.6–4.4 mm, lateral pair saccate basally, (green with hyaline margins); petals white-lilac, 9–12.3 × 4.8–6.8 mm, (clawed, apex rounded or emarginate); filaments: median pairs 3.5–4.5 mm, lateral pair 2–3 mm; anthers narrowly oblong, 0.9–1.4 mm. |
sepals (erect to ascending), oblong, 3.5–4.5(–5.5) × 1.5–2(–2.5) mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals white to pale rose, often broadly obovate, 8–13(–15) × 4–8 mm (clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 4–6.5 mm, lateral pair 3–4 mm; anthers oblong, 1.2–1.7 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | erect-ascending, 5–15 mm. |
ascending to divaricate, 10–33(–41) mm. |
Fruits | linear, 1–1.8 cm × ca. 1.5 mm; ovules ca. 16 per ovary; style ca. 1 mm, (stout). |
linear, 2.2–5.4(–6) cm × 2–3 mm; ovules 12–22 per ovary; style 2–5(–6) mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm. |
dark brown, oblong to broadly ovoid, 1.7–2.8 × 1.2–1.8 mm. |
2n | = 56, 60, 64, 80–100. |
= 32. |
Cardamine nymanii |
Cardamine californica |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Aug. | Flowering Jan–May. |
Habitat | Wet meadows, marshes, margins of ponds, along streams, seacoasts, swamps | Wooded ravines, forest floors, shady slopes, open woods, shady rock crevices, stream banks and bottoms, canyons, moist hillsides, cliffs |
Elevation | 0-1400 m (0-4600 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; MB; NL; NT; NU; QC; YT; Greenland; n Eurasia
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CA; Mexico (Baja California)
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Discussion | The synonymy above suggests that Schulz, Detling, and Rollins did not agree on the characters used or the number and rank of taxa recognized. The taxonomy of this complex is based solely on differences in the number of leaflets, their division, size, and shape, all other aspects of these plants (e.g., rhizomes, flowers, fruits, and seeds) being fairly uniform. Indeed, the infraspecific taxa recognized represent only part of the overall variation in the species, and one is faced with either recognizing poorly defined infraspecific taxa or treating the entire complex as a single polymorphic species. In the absence of thorough biosystematic and molecular studies on this group, we prefer not to recognize any infraspecific taxa. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 478. | FNA vol. 7, p. 469. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. pratensis var. angustifolia | Dentaria californica, C. californica var. brevistyla, C. californica var. cardiophylla, C. californica subsp. cuneata, C. californica var. cuneata, C. californica var. fecunda, C. californica var. integrifolia, C. californica var. pubescens, C. californica var. robinsoniana, C. californica var. sinuata, C. cardiophylla, C. cuneata, C. integrifolia, C. integrifolia var. sinuata, C. pachystigma var. dissectifolia, C. paucisecta, C. sinuata, Dentaria californica var. cardiophylla, Dentaria californica var. cuneata, Dentaria californica var. integrifolia, Dentaria californica var. sinuata, Dentaria cardiophylla, Dentaria cuneata, Dentaria integrifolia, Dentaria integrifolia var. californica, Dentaria integrifolia var. cardiophylla, Dentaria integrifolia var. traceyi, Dentaria pachystigma var. dissectifolia, Dentaria sinuata |
Name authority | Gandoger: Bull. Soc. Bot. France 72: 1043. (1925) | (Nuttall) Greene: Fl. Francisc., 266. (1891) |
Web links |