Cardamine nuttallii |
Cardamine rotundifolia |
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beautiful bitter-cress, beautiful bittercres, Nuttall's bittercress, Nuttall's toothwort, palmate toothwort, slender toothwort |
American bittercress, mountain watercress |
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Habit | Perennials; glabrous or sparsely pubescent. | Perennials; glabrous throughout. |
Rhizomes | (tuberiform, fragile), with ovoid to oblong or cylindrical nodal swellings, slender, 2–5 mm diam., (fleshy). |
slender, to 2 mm diam. |
Stems | erect, unbranched, 0.5–2(–3) dm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent distally. |
usually procumbent, sometimes erect, (not flexuous), unbranched or branched, (1–)1.5–3(–5) dm. |
Basal leaves | (soon withered), not rosulate. |
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Rhizomal leaves | simple or 3 (or 5)-foliolate, (3–)4–20(–25) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (2–)3–18(–21) cm; lateral leaflets (when present) petiolulate to subsessile, blade similar to terminal, sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet (subsessile or petiolule 0.2–3 cm), blade (simple leaf or terminal leaflet) reniform to suborbicular or ovate to oblong, (0.9–)1.3–4(–5.2) cm × (8–)12–50(–70) mm, base cordate to obtuse, margins crenate, dentate, or 5–7-lobed, (apiculae terminating teeth or lobes, surfaces glabrous). |
absent. |
Cauline leaves | 1–3, 3 (or 5)-foliolate, (appearing palmate), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole (0.2–)0.5–2(–3) cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, smaller; terminal leaflet petiolulate or sessile, blade broadly ovate to oblong or linear, (0.5–)1–3.5(–6) cm, margins usually entire or dentate, rarely lobed. |
simple, petiolate; petiole (0.3–)0.5–2.5(–4) cm, base not auriculate; blade oblong, ovate, suborbicular, or cordate, (0.5–)1–4.5(–5.5) cm × (5–)10–40(–54) mm, base cordate, rounded, or truncate, margins entire, repand, or sinuate, (distally with shorter petiole, blade smaller). |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, 3.5–5 × 1.5–2 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals usually purple to pale pink, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 × 4–7.5 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 5–8 mm, lateral pair 3.5–5 mm; anthers oblong, 1.5–2 mm. |
sepals oblong, 2–3 × 1–1.7 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, broadly oblanceolate, spreading, 5–7(–8) × 2–3 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 3.5–4.5 mm, lateral pair 2.7–3.5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.8–1.2 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | ascending to divaricate, 10–35 mm. |
divaricate to ascending, (6–)10–15(–20) mm. |
Fruits | linear, 2.5–5.6 cm × 2–2.3 mm; ovules 8–16 per ovary; style 4–8 mm. |
linear, (torulose), 1–1.5(–2) cm × 0.8–1.1 mm; ovules 40–80 per ovary; style 1.5–2.5 mm. |
Seeds | dark brown, oblong, 2–2.5 × 1.4–1.6 mm. |
brown, oblong to ovoid, 0.9–1.1 × 0.5–0.6 mm. |
Cardamine nuttallii |
Cardamine rotundifolia |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–May. | Flowering Apr–Jun. |
Habitat | Open pine forests, damp woods, shaded bottomlands, mossy slopes, streamsides, shaded and moist hillsides | Stream banks, swamps, low woodland, wet rocky areas, seepage areas |
Elevation | 150-1000 m (500-3300 ft) | 150-400 m (500-1300 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; OR; WA; BC
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DE; GA; KY; MD; NC; NJ; NY; OH; PA; TN; VA; WV
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Discussion | The infraspecific taxonomy of Cardamine nuttallii has been based almost entirely on the division and margin of rhizomal leaves. The treatments by O. E. Schulz (1903), L. E. Detling (1937), and R. C. Rollins (1993), though utilizing the same characters, varied considerably, especially in the application of names to varieties. The absence of rhizomal leaves on most specimens makes varietal determination an almost impossible task. Furthermore, leaf morphology is so highly variable that it is not useful for formally recognizing some of the other variants in the species. We therefore prefer to not subdivide the species. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 478. | FNA vol. 7, p. 483. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Dentaria tenella, C. californica var. gemmata, C. gemmata, C. nuttallii var. covilleana, C. nuttallii var. dissecta, C. nuttallii var. gemmata, C. nuttallii var. pulcherrima, C. pulcherrima, C. pulcherrima var. tenella, C. quercetorum, C. tenella var. covilleana, C. tenella var. dissecta, C. tenella var. quercetorum, Dentaria gemmata, Dentaria macrocarpa, Dentaria macrocarpa var. pulcherrima, Dentaria quercetorum, Dentaria tenella var. palmata, Dentaria tenella var. pulcherrima, Dentaria tenella var. quercetorum | Dentaria rotundifolia |
Name authority | Greene: Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2: 389. (1887) | Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 30. (1803) |
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