Cardamine maxima |
Cardamine digitata |
|
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large toothwort |
Richardson's bittercress |
|
Habit | Perennials; glabrous (except leaflet margins and, sometimes, rachis). | Perennials; glabrous throughout. |
Rhizomes | cylindrical, 3–6 mm diam., (distinctly constricted at intervals, non-uniform diam., fleshy, slightly fragile, with dentate leaf scars). |
cylindrical, slender, 0.5–1.5 mm diam. |
Stems | erect, unbranched, 0.9–3(–4) dm. |
erect, unbranched, (0.6–)1–2(–3) dm. |
Rhizomal leaves | 3-foliolate, 7–20 cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole 4–15 cm; lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolulate, blade often similar to terminal, base often oblique; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.2–1(–1.7) cm), blade broadly ovate to oblong, 2–7.5 cm × 12–37 mm, base cuneate to obtuse, margins coarsely dentate to sharply incised, or deeply cleft into 2 or 3 lobes (lobes dentate or incised, margins puberulent). |
pinnately 5 or 7-foliolate, (2–)4–10 cm, (not fleshy), leaflets sessile; petiole (1.5–)3–7(–9) cm; lateral leaflets similar to terminal, blade sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet blade linear to narrowly oblong or narrowly lanceolate, (0.5–)1–2.5(–3.3) cm × 0.5–4(–8) mm, base cuneate to attenuate, margins entire. |
Cauline leaves | 2 or 3, 3-foliolate, (rarely subopposite), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (0.5–)1–4(–6.5) cm, base not auriculate; lateral and terminal leaflets similar to rhizomal, distalmost sometimes much smaller. |
(1 or) 2 or 3, 5 or 7-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets sessile; petiole (0.2–)0.5–1.2(–1.5) cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets similar to terminal, blade smaller; terminal leaflet blade narrowly lanceolate to linear, 1–3.2(–4) cm × 0.8–2.5(–3.5) mm, base cuneate to attenuate, margins entire (apex acute to acuminate). |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals (erect to ascending), oblong, 5–7 × 2–3 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally; petals white or pink, oblanceolate, 10–17 × 3–6 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 4–8 mm, lateral pair 3–6.5 mm; anthers linear, 1.7–2.7 mm. |
sepals ovate, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, obovate, 5–9 × 2.5–5 mm (clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 3–4.5 mm, lateral pair 1.5–2.5 mm; anthers oblong, 1–1.5 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | (flowering ones) horizontal to divaricate or deflexed, 7–20 mm. |
suberect to divaricate-ascending, (7–)10–25 mm. |
Fruits | (undeveloped), linear-lanceolate, to 3 cm × 2 mm; ovules 10–14 per ovary; style 3.5–7 mm. |
linear, (1.5–)2–4 cm × 1.5–2 mm; ovules 6–12 per ovary; style (1–)1.5–2.5(–4) mm. |
Seeds | not known. |
brown, oblong, 1.8–2.2 × 0.9–1.1 mm. |
2n | = 120, 124, 132, 138, 156, 161, ca. 208. |
= 28, 42. |
Cardamine maxima |
Cardamine digitata |
|
Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jun. | Flowering Jun–Aug. |
Habitat | Rich woods, shady ravines, ledges, moist alluvial bottoms, steep forested slopes, stream banks | Damp flats, stream banks, tundra, meadows, bluffs, hummocks, sandy beaches, slopes, mossy mats, sedge swales |
Elevation | 0-1400 m (0-4600 ft) | |
Distribution |
CT; MA; ME; MI; NJ; NY; OH; PA; VT; NB; ON; QC
|
AK; NT; YT; ne Asia (Russian Far East, Siberia) |
Discussion | Cardamine maxima has not been found with mature fruits and seeds and it has long been suspected to be a hybrid between C. concatenata and C. diphylla. Molecular studies (P. W. Sweeney and R. A. Price 2000) indicate that C. maxima is distinct from both those species. Although we hesitate to maintain it as a species, its wide distribution and morphological distinctness warrant its recognition. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
|
Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 477. | FNA vol. 7, p. 472. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Dentaria maxima, C. anomala, Dentaria anomala | C. digitata var. oxyphylla, C. hyperborea, C. hyperborea var. oxyphylla, C. richardsonii |
Name authority | (Nuttall) Alph. Wood: Amer. Bot. Fl., 38. (1870) | Richardson: in J. Franklin, Narr. Journey Polar Sea, 743. (1823) |
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