Cardamine maxima |
Brassicaceae tribe Cardamineae |
|
---|---|---|
large toothwort |
|
|
Habit | Perennials; glabrous (except leaflet margins and, sometimes, rachis). | Annuals, biennials, or perennials; eglandular. |
Rhizomes | cylindrical, 3–6 mm diam., (distinctly constricted at intervals, non-uniform diam., fleshy, slightly fragile, with dentate leaf scars). |
|
Stems | erect, unbranched, 0.9–3(–4) dm. |
|
Rhizomal leaves | 3-foliolate, 7–20 cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole 4–15 cm; lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolulate, blade often similar to terminal, base often oblique; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.2–1(–1.7) cm), blade broadly ovate to oblong, 2–7.5 cm × 12–37 mm, base cuneate to obtuse, margins coarsely dentate to sharply incised, or deeply cleft into 2 or 3 lobes (lobes dentate or incised, margins puberulent). |
|
Cauline leaves | 2 or 3, 3-foliolate, (rarely subopposite), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (0.5–)1–4(–6.5) cm, base not auriculate; lateral and terminal leaflets similar to rhizomal, distalmost sometimes much smaller. |
(rarely absent), usually petiolate, sometimes sessile; blade (simple or compound), base auriculate or not, margins entire or dentate to pinnately lobed. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
usually ebracteate (Selenia bracteate throughout), often elongated in fruit. |
Flowers | sepals (erect to ascending), oblong, 5–7 × 2–3 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally; petals white or pink, oblanceolate, 10–17 × 3–6 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 4–8 mm, lateral pair 3–6.5 mm; anthers linear, 1.7–2.7 mm. |
actinomorphic; sepals erect to spreading or ascending, lateral pair seldom saccate basally; petals white, yellow, pink, lilac, or purple, claw usually present, rarely absent, often distinct; filaments unappendaged, not winged; pollen 3-colpate. |
Fruiting pedicels | (flowering ones) horizontal to divaricate or deflexed, 7–20 mm. |
|
Fruits | (undeveloped), linear-lanceolate, to 3 cm × 2 mm; ovules 10–14 per ovary; style 3.5–7 mm. |
silicles or siliques, dehiscent, unsegmented, terete, 4-angled, or latiseptate, rarely angustiseptate; ovules 4–300[–numerous] per ovary; style distinct or obsolete (absent in Subularia); stigma usually entire. |
Seeds | not known. |
biseriate or uniseriate; cotyledons usually accumbent, sometimes incumbent. |
Trichomes | absent or simple. |
|
2n | = 120, 124, 132, 138, 156, 161, ca. 208. |
|
Cardamine maxima |
Brassicaceae tribe Cardamineae |
|
Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jun. | |
Habitat | Rich woods, shady ravines, ledges, moist alluvial bottoms, steep forested slopes, stream banks | |
Distribution |
CT; MA; ME; MI; NJ; NY; OH; PA; VT; NB; ON; QC
|
Nearly worldwide |
Discussion | Cardamine maxima has not been found with mature fruits and seeds and it has long been suspected to be a hybrid between C. concatenata and C. diphylla. Molecular studies (P. W. Sweeney and R. A. Price 2000) indicate that C. maxima is distinct from both those species. Although we hesitate to maintain it as a species, its wide distribution and morphological distinctness warrant its recognition. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Genera 12, species ca. 335 (10 genera, 85 species in the flora). The assignment of Subularia to Cardamineae is provisional and based solely on morphology. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 477. | FNA vol. 7, p. 458. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine | Brassicaceae |
Sibling taxa | ||
Subordinate taxa | ||
Synonyms | Dentaria maxima, C. anomala, Dentaria anomala | |
Name authority | (Nuttall) Alph. Wood: Amer. Bot. Fl., 38. (1870) | Dumortier: Fl. Belg., 124. (1827) |
Web links |