Cardamine macrocarpa |
Cardamine californica |
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largeseed bittercress |
California toothwort, coast toothwort, milk maids, tooth wort |
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Habit | Annuals; glabrous or sparsely puberulent. | Perennials; usually glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent. |
Rhizomes | absent. |
(tuberiform, fragile), globose to ovoid or suboblong, (3–)4–10 mm diam., (fleshy, deeply underground). |
Stems | (simple or several from base), erect or decumbent, (flexuous or straight, narrowly winged-angled), unbranched or branched distally, (1.4–)2–4.5(–5.3) dm. |
erect, unbranched, (2–)2.7–6(–7)dm, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent. |
Basal leaves | (soon withered), not rosulate. |
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Rhizomal leaves | 3 (or 5–7)-foliolate, sometimes simple, 8–25(–38) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (5–)8–25(–32) cm; lateral leaflets (when present) petiolulate to subsessile, blade similar to terminal, sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet (petiolule (0.7–)2–5(–11) cm), blade (of simple leaf) ovate to orbicular to broadly cordate or reniform, (1.5–)2.5–7.5(–10) cm × (12–)20–90(–130) mm, base obtuse to cordate, margins entire or dentate to shallowly sinuate, (often with apiculae at veins ending at margin, sometimes minutely pubescent on veins). |
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Cauline leaves | 3–9, middle ones 5–9-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole 1–3 cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets similar to terminal, blade often smaller, with oblique base, distal leaflets subsessile, blade smaller and narrower distally; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.2–0.8 cm), blade usually broadly ovate to narrowly lanceolate, rarely oblong, 0.7–2 cm × 2–10 mm, base cuneate to rounded, margins repand, crenate, or 3-lobed. |
2–5, usually 3 (or 5)-foliolate, rarely simple, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole 1–5(–9) cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, smaller, margins usually dentate, rarely entire; terminal leaflet sessile or petiolulate, blade usually broadly ovate to suborbicular or lanceolate, rarely narrowly oblong, 1–7 cm × (5–)10–47(–65) mm. |
Racemes | ebracteate, (rachis slightly to strongly flexuous or geniculate). |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, 2–3.5 × 0.7–1.2 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, linear, 6–8 × 0.7–1 mm; filaments: median pairs 4–5 mm, lateral pair 3.5–4 mm; anthers oblong, 0.7–1 mm. |
sepals (erect to ascending), oblong, 3.5–4.5(–5.5) × 1.5–2(–2.5) mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals white to pale rose, often broadly obovate, 8–13(–15) × 4–8 mm (clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 4–6.5 mm, lateral pair 3–4 mm; anthers oblong, 1.2–1.7 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | horizontal to divaricate or ascending, (3–)4–9(–12) mm. |
ascending to divaricate, 10–33(–41) mm. |
Fruits | linear, (2.5–)3–4.6 cm × 1.7–2.1 mm; ovules 14–22 per ovary; style 1–3 mm. |
linear, 2.2–5.4(–6) cm × 2–3 mm; ovules 12–22 per ovary; style 2–5(–6) mm. |
Seeds | dark brown, oblong, 2–2.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm. |
dark brown, oblong to broadly ovoid, 1.7–2.8 × 1.2–1.8 mm. |
2n | = 32. |
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Cardamine macrocarpa |
Cardamine californica |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Sep. | Flowering Jan–May. |
Habitat | Rock crevices and ledges, gravel bars of mountain streams, moist rocky stream banks, shaded loamy forest floors | Wooded ravines, forest floors, shady slopes, open woods, shady rock crevices, stream banks and bottoms, canyons, moist hillsides, cliffs |
Elevation | 0-1400 m (0-4600 ft) | |
Distribution |
TX; Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León) |
CA; Mexico (Baja California)
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Discussion | Cardamine macrocarpa is known from the Chisos Mountains, Brewster County. The characters by which var. texana is said to differ from var. macrocarpa are artificially drawn, and the style length, presence or absence of indumentum on the pedicels, and degree of flexuosity of the raceme rachises do not correlate and can vary within a given area. For these reasons, we do not recognize infraspecific taxa in Cardamine macrocarpa. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The synonymy above suggests that Schulz, Detling, and Rollins did not agree on the characters used or the number and rank of taxa recognized. The taxonomy of this complex is based solely on differences in the number of leaflets, their division, size, and shape, all other aspects of these plants (e.g., rhizomes, flowers, fruits, and seeds) being fairly uniform. Indeed, the infraspecific taxa recognized represent only part of the overall variation in the species, and one is faced with either recognizing poorly defined infraspecific taxa or treating the entire complex as a single polymorphic species. In the absence of thorough biosystematic and molecular studies on this group, we prefer not to recognize any infraspecific taxa. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 476. | FNA vol. 7, p. 469. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. macrocarpa var. texana | Dentaria californica, C. californica var. brevistyla, C. californica var. cardiophylla, C. californica subsp. cuneata, C. californica var. cuneata, C. californica var. fecunda, C. californica var. integrifolia, C. californica var. pubescens, C. californica var. robinsoniana, C. californica var. sinuata, C. cardiophylla, C. cuneata, C. integrifolia, C. integrifolia var. sinuata, C. pachystigma var. dissectifolia, C. paucisecta, C. sinuata, Dentaria californica var. cardiophylla, Dentaria californica var. cuneata, Dentaria californica var. integrifolia, Dentaria californica var. sinuata, Dentaria cardiophylla, Dentaria cuneata, Dentaria integrifolia, Dentaria integrifolia var. californica, Dentaria integrifolia var. cardiophylla, Dentaria integrifolia var. traceyi, Dentaria pachystigma var. dissectifolia, Dentaria sinuata |
Name authority | Brandegee: Zoë 5: 233. (1906) | (Nuttall) Greene: Fl. Francisc., 266. (1891) |
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