Cardamine flagellifera |
Cardamine occidentalis |
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Blue Ridge bittercress |
big western bitter-cress, western bitter-cress, western toothwort |
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Habit | Perennials; hirsute or pilose proximally, sparsely pubescent or glabrous distally. | Perennials; glabrous or hirsute. |
Rhizomes | swollen, compact at stem base, (fleshy, stolons many, slender, ca. 1 mm diam., pubescent or glabrous). |
(tuberiform, fragile), ovoid or globose at base of stem, 3–10 mm diam., (fleshy). |
Stems | erect, usually unbranched, rarely branched distally, 1–2.5 dm, sparsely to densely hirsute or pilose proximally, sparsely so or glabrous distally. |
(simple from base), erect to ascending, (not flexuous), unbranched or branched distally, 1–5 dm, glabrous or pubescent proximally. |
Basal leaves | not rosulate, pinnately compound, (3 or) 5 (or 7)-foliolate, 2–10 cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole 0.5–6.5 cm; lateral leaflets petiolulate or subsessile, blade similar to terminal, ovate, smaller, margins entire; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.03–0.18 cm), blade orbicular to broadly ovate or subcordate, 0.5–2 cm × 7–25 mm, base cordate to rounded, margins entire or repand, (surfaces glabrous). |
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Rhizomal leaves | usually simple, rarely 3-foliolate, (3–)6–16 cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (1.5–)4–13 cm; lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolulate (to 0.5 cm), blade similar to terminal, much smaller; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.5–2 cm), blade orbicular to reniform or broadly ovate, (1–)1.5–4.5 cm, base cordate, margins repand to coarsely crenate, (apiculate at vein endings, surfaces sparsely pubescent or glabrous). |
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Cauline leaves | 2–5, 3 or 5-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole 0.8–5 cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile or petiolulate (to 0.5 cm), blade similar to terminal, smaller; terminal leaflet petiolulate (0.5–1.5 cm), blade broadly ovate to suborbicular, 1.5–4(–5) cm × 12–35 mm, margins repand to coarsely crenate or slightly lobed, (apiculate at vein endings, margins glabrous). |
3–7, (3 or) 5 or 7-foliolate (middle ones 5 or 7-foliolate, smaller distally, becoming 3-foliolate), petiolate; petiole 0.5–3 cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets similar to terminal, smaller; terminal leaflet blade obovate to oblanceolate, 0.5–2.6 cm × 3–13 mm, margins shallowly toothed, entire, or repand. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals (ascending) oblong, 3–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, oblanceolate, 5–6.5(–8) × 1.5–2.5 mm, (not clawed, apex obtuse to subemarginate); filaments: median pairs 3.5–5 mm, lateral pair 2.5–3 mm; anthers oblong, 1.2–1.6 mm. |
sepals oblong, 1.7–2 × 1–1.2 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, oblanceolate, 4–6 × 1.5–2 mm, (not clawed); filaments: median pairs 2–2.5 mm, lateral pair 1–1.5 mm; anthers ovate, 0.3–0.5 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | ascending to divaricate-ascending, 7–20 mm. |
divaricate-ascending, 7–18 mm. |
Fruits | linear, 1.5–2.5 cm × 1–1.2 mm; ovules 10–14 per ovary; style 1.2–2.5 mm. |
linear, (torulose), 1.5–3.3 cm × 1.7–2.2 mm; (valves glabrous or sparsely pubescent); ovules 18–40 per ovary; style 0.5–1.5 mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong, 1.2–1.7 × 0.8–1.1 mm. |
brown, ovoid, 1–1.6 × 1–1.2 mm. |
2n | = 64. |
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Cardamine flagellifera |
Cardamine occidentalis |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Jun. | Flowering Apr–Jul. |
Habitat | Moist wooded slopes, gorges, wooded ravines, seepage places | Muddy grounds, lake margins, shallow streams, meadows |
Elevation | 300-1000 m (1000-3300 ft) | 150-1500 m (500-4900 ft) |
Distribution |
GA; NC; SC; TN; WV |
AK; CA; OR; WA; BC
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 474. | FNA vol. 7, p. 479. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. flagellifera var. hugeri, C. hugeri | C. pratensis var. occidentalis, C. neglecta |
Name authority | O. E. Schulz: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 405. (1903) | (S. Watson) Howell: Fl. N.W. Amer., 50. (1897) |
Web links |
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