Cardamine douglassii |
Cardamine hirsuta |
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limestone bittercress, pink bitter-cress |
hairy bitter-cress, shotweed |
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Habit | Perennials; hirsute throughout or glabrous proximally. | Annuals; sparsely hirsute basally (at least on petiole of basal leaves), often glabrous distally. |
Rhizomes | (tuberous at stem base), subglobose, (lobed or not), (3–)4–10 mm diam., (fleshy). |
absent. |
Stems | erect, unbranched, (0.7–)1–2.5(–3) dm, sparsely to densely hirsute, or glabrous basally, (trichomes (0.2–)0.3–0.6(–0.8) mm). |
erect, ascending, or decumbent, unbranched or branched basally and/or distally, (0.3–)1–3.5(–4.5) dm, (not flexuous). |
Basal leaves | (persistent to anthesis), rosulate, (5–)8–15(–22)-foliolate, (2–)3.5–15(–17) cm, leaflets petiolulate; petiole 0.5–5 cm, (ciliate); lateral leaflet blade oblong, ovate, obovate, or orbicular, smaller than terminal, margins entire, repand, crenate, or 3-lobed; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.2–1 cm), blade reniform or orbicular, 0.4–2 cm × 6–30 mm, margins entire, repand, dentate, or 3 or 5-lobed. |
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Rhizomal leaves | simple, (3–)5–15(–18) cm; petiole (2–)4–12(–16) cm; blade often orbicular to cordate, sometimes reniform or ovate, (1–)2–6 cm × (7–)17–50 mm, base obtuse to cordate, margins repand or entire. |
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Cauline leaves | 3–6(–8), simple, petiolate or sessile; (middle) shortly petiolate or (distal) sessile, base not auriculate; blade oblong to ovate or lanceolate, 2–5 cm × 5–25 mm, margins entire, repand, or coarsely dentate. |
1–4(–6), compound as basal, petiolate, [(0.5–)1.2–5.5(–7) cm, including petiole], leaflets petiolulate; blade base not auriculate; leaflets similar to basal. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, 2.5–4(–6) × 1.5–2.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally, (surfaces often hirsute); petals usually rose-purple to pink, rarely white, obovate, (7–)8–13(–15) × 3–5 mm, (short-clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 4–7 mm, lateral pair 2–4 mm; anthers oblong, 1.3–1.7 mm. |
sepals oblong, 1.5–2.5 × 0.3–0.7 mm, lateral pair not saccate; petals (sometimes absent) white, spatulate, 2.5–4.5(–5) × 0.5–1.1 mm; (stamens usually 4, lateral pair often absent, rarely 5 or 6); filaments 1.8–3 mm; anthers ovate, 0.3–0.5 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | ascending to divaricate, (10–)15–35(–50) mm, sparsely pubescent or glabrous. |
erect to ascending, (2–)3–10(–14) mm. |
Fruits | linear, (1.5–)2–4 cm × 1.5–2 mm; ovules 10–16 per ovary; style 2–5 mm. |
linear, (torulose), (0.9–)1.5–2.5(–2.8) cm × (0.8–)1–1.4 mm, (often appressed to rachis); ovules 14–40 per ovary; style 0.1–0.6(–1) mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong to ovoid, 1.7–2.5 × 1–5 mm. |
light brown, oblong or subquadrate, 0.9–1.3(–1.5) × 0.6–0.9(–1.1) mm, (narrowly margined). |
2n | = 56, 64, 96, 112, 144. |
= 16. |
Cardamine douglassii |
Cardamine hirsuta |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–May. | Flowering Feb–Jul. |
Habitat | Rich woods, bluffs, mesic bottomland forests, rocky hillsides, floodplains, seepage of bogs, springy areas | Roadsides, clearings, disturbed sites, slopes, cedar glades, mixed woods, meadows, fields, waste grounds, damp places, grassy areas |
Elevation | 50-400 m (200-1300 ft) | 0-700 m (0-2300 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; CT; DC; IA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; NC; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SC; TN; VA; WI; WV; ON
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AL; AR; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IL; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; SC; TN; TX; UT; VA; WA; WV; BC; ON; w Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Central America, South America, e Asia (Japan), South Africa, Australia]
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Discussion | Herbarium specimens of Cardamine hirsuta have been misidentified as C. oligosperma. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 473. | FNA vol. 7, p. 475. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Arabis rhomboidea var. purpurea, Dentaria douglassii, Dracamine purpurea, Thlaspi tuberosum | |
Name authority | Britton: Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 9: 8. (1889) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 655. (1753) |
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