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forkleaf toothwort

Cardamine penduliflora

wetlands bitter-cress, Willamette Valley bitter-cress

Habit Perennials; glabrous throughout. Perennials; glabrous throughout.
Rhizomes

(tuberiform, fragile), moniliform, segments oblong, 3–5 mm diam., (fleshy).

(tuberiform, fragile), 4–9(–11) mm diam., (fleshy).

Stems

erect, unbranched, 1–3.5 dm.

erect or decumbent at base, unbranched, 2–6(–7.5) dm.

Rhizomal leaves

palmately compound (biternate), 7–20 cm, leaflets petiolulate;

petiole 4–13 cm;

lateral leaflets similar to terminal, blade sometimes smaller;

terminal leaflet (petiolule 1–3(–4) cm), blade ternately or pinnately lobed, (distal segment) linear, 0.7–3.5 cm × 0.6–3 mm, base attenuate to cuneate, margins entire (apiculate).

5–13-foliolate, (4–)10–18(–25) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile;

petiole (3–)5–12(–17) cm;

lateral leaflets subsessile, blade similar to terminal, sometimes smaller;

terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.4–0.7 cm), blade oblong to elliptic or ovate, (0.4–)0.7–1.7(–2) cm, base cuneate or obtuse, margins entire or obscurely 3-lobed.

Cauline leaves

(2 or) 3, palmately compound (biternate, similar to rhizomal leaves, alternate to subopposite), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate;

petiole (0.5–)1–4(–5.5) cm, base not auriculate;

lateral leaflets similar to terminal;

terminal leaflet (petiolule (0.3–)0.7–1.5(–2.5) cm), blade (ternate, distal segment) linear, (0.4–)1.5–5(–6.5) cm × 0.7–4(–6) mm, base cuneate to attenuate, margins entire.

2–6, 5–11-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile;

petiole 3–10 cm, base not auriculate;

lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, smaller;

terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.5–1.5 cm), blade narrowly ovate or oblong to oblanceolate, 1.5–3.5 cm × 2–15 mm, margins entire or toothed to 3-lobed.

Racemes

ebracteate.

ebracteate.

Flowers

sepals oblong, 4–6 × 1.5–2 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally;

petals white to pale pink, oblanceolate, 9–15 × 2–4 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded);

filaments: median pairs 6–7.5 mm, lateral pair 3–5 mm;

anthers linear, 1.5–2.5 mm.

sepals oblong to ovate, 3.5–5 × 1.8–2.5 mm, lateral pair saccate basally;

petals white, obovate, 12–16 × 6–8 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded or subemarginate);

filaments: median pairs 6–7 mm, lateral pair 4–5 mm;

anthers oblong, 1.5–1.8 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending to divaricate, 10–25(–35) mm.

ascending to divaricate, (10–)20–40(–60) mm.

Fruits

linear-lanceolate, 2–3.5 cm × 1.5–2 mm;

ovules 10–14 per ovary;

style 4–7(–10) mm.

linear, 2.5–4.5 cm × 1.4–2 mm;

ovules 12–24 per ovary;

style 4–6 mm.

Seeds

brown, oblong, 1.5–2.5 × 1–1.5 mm.

brown, oblong, 1.8–2 × 1–1.5 mm.

2n

= 64, 112.

Cardamine dissecta

Cardamine penduliflora

Phenology Flowering Mar–May. Flowering Mar–May.
Habitat Oak-hickory woods, moist loamy areas, floodplain woods, bluffs, rocky calcareous woods, limestone slopes, along streams Shallow pools, wet grounds, marshes, meadows, creeks, channels, swampy woods
Elevation 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) 50-150 m (200-500 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; GA; IN; KY; NC; OH; TN
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Cardamine penduliflora is known from Douglas County north into Benton, Lane, Marion, Polk, and Yamhill counties.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 473. FNA vol. 7, p. 481.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine
Sibling taxa
C. angulata, C. angustata, C. bellidifolia, C. blaisdellii, C. breweri, C. bulbosa, C. californica, C. clematitis, C. concatenata, C. constancei, C. cordifolia, C. digitata, C. diphylla, C. douglassii, C. flagellifera, C. flexuosa, C. hirsuta, C. holmgrenii, C. impatiens, C. longii, C. macrocarpa, C. maxima, C. micranthera, C. microphylla, C. nuttallii, C. nymanii, C. occidentalis, C. oligosperma, C. pachystigma, C. parviflora, C. pattersonii, C. penduliflora, C. pensylvanica, C. pratensis, C. purpurea, C. rotundifolia, C. rupicola, C. umbellata
C. angulata, C. angustata, C. bellidifolia, C. blaisdellii, C. breweri, C. bulbosa, C. californica, C. clematitis, C. concatenata, C. constancei, C. cordifolia, C. digitata, C. diphylla, C. dissecta, C. douglassii, C. flagellifera, C. flexuosa, C. hirsuta, C. holmgrenii, C. impatiens, C. longii, C. macrocarpa, C. maxima, C. micranthera, C. microphylla, C. nuttallii, C. nymanii, C. occidentalis, C. oligosperma, C. pachystigma, C. parviflora, C. pattersonii, C. pensylvanica, C. pratensis, C. purpurea, C. rotundifolia, C. rupicola, C. umbellata
Synonyms Dentaria dissecta, C. angustata var. multifida, C. laciniata subsp. multifida, Dentaria furcata, Dentaria heterophylla var. multifida, Dentaria laciniata var. multifida, Dentaria multifida C. rariflora
Name authority (Leavenworth) Al-Shehbaz: J. Arnold Arbor. 69: 82. (1988) O. E. Schulz: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 32: 538. (1903)
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