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heart-leaf bitter-cress, large mountain bitter-cress, Lyall's bitter-cress

Pennsylvania bitter-cress, pennsylvanian bitter-cress, Quaker bitter-cress

Habit Perennials; glabrous or densely puberulent. Annuals or biennials; sparsely hirsute basally, glabrous distally.
Rhizomes

cylindrical, slender or stout, 1.5–3 mm diam., (not fleshy).

absent.

Stems

erect, unbranched or branched distally, 2–7(–10.2) dm, glabrous or sparsely to densely puberulent basally or throughout.

(simple from base), erect, (not flexuous), unbranched or branched distally, (0.5–)1.5–5.5(–7) dm.

Basal leaves

(soon withered), not rosulate, similar to proximalmost cauline leaves, 4–15 cm.

Rhizomal leaves

usually absent, rarely present, simple, 5–15 cm;

petiole 2.5–12 cm;

blade reniform to cordate, 1.5–4.5(–6) cm.

Cauline leaves

(3–)5–17(–23), simple or, rarely, proximalmost 3-foliolate, petiolate;

petiole 1–6.5(–8.5) cm, base not auriculate;

blade reniform, deltate-cordate, or ovate-cordate, (1–)2–7.2(–9.7) cm × 10–55(–85) mm, (somewhat fleshy), base cordate or truncate, margins crenate to slightly sinuate, (veins ending in apiculae, surfaces glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent).

(3–)5–20(–35), pinnately (5 or) 7–13(–19)-foliolate, sometimes appearing pinnatisect, lobe number similar to leaflets (middle and proximal ones 2–11 cm), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate, subsessile, or sessile;

petiole (0.4–)1–3.5(–4.5) cm, base not auriculate, (often sparsely hirsute);

lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate or sessile, (decurrent on rachis smaller than terminal, distalmost blades narrower, with fewer lobes or leaflets), margins entire or crenate;

terminal leaflet (subsessile or petiolule to 1 cm), blade suborbicular, obovate to oblanceolate, or elliptic, 1.3–3(–4) cm × 6–25 mm, base often cuneate, margins entire, repand, or obscurely 3 or 5-lobed.

Racemes

ebracteate.

ebracteate.

Flowers

sepals oblong, 2.5–4.5 × 1.5–2 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally;

petals white, broadly obovate, 7–12 × 4–6 mm (claw to 6 mm, apex rounded to subtruncate or emarginate);

filaments: median pairs 3.5–5 mm, lateral pair 2–3.5 mm;

anthers oblong, 1–1.5 mm.

sepals oblong, (1–)1.3–2.3 × 0.5–1 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally;

petals white, narrowly spatulate to oblanceolate, 2–3.5(–4) × 0.8–1.5 mm, (not clawed);

filaments: median pairs 1.5–2.5 mm, lateral pair 1–2 mm;

anthers ovate, 0.2–0.3 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

divaricate to ascending, (7–)10–20 mm.

divaricate-ascending, (3–)4–10(–13) mm.

Fruits

linear, (2–)2.5–3.7(–4) cm × 1.2–2 mm; (valves glabrous or sparsely puberulent);

ovules 14–24 per ovary;

style 0.5–3(–6) mm.

linear, (torulose), (1.4–)1.7–2.7(–3.2) cm × 0.8–1.1 mm;

ovules 40–80 per ovary;

style 0.5–1 mm.

Seeds

brown, oblong, 1.6–2 × 1–1.3 mm.

brown, oblong to ovoid, 0.7–1.1 × 0.5–0.8 mm.

2n

= 24.

= 32, 64.

Cardamine cordifolia

Cardamine pensylvanica

Phenology Flowering May–Aug. Flowering Apr–Jul.
Habitat Stream banks, springs, shady gullies, creek bottoms, lakeshores, ponds, cold springs, meadows, moist hillsides, mossy areas, alpine streams, mixed coniferous forests Marshes, streams, swamps, ditches, seepage, springs, lake margins, mesic bottomland and upland forests, wet areas, ledges of sheltered bluffs, banks and shallow water of streams and spring branches, margins of crop fields, waste ground
Elevation 600-3600 m (2000-11800 ft) 0-2800 m (0-9200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Cardamine cordifolia is highly variable in leaf morphology, especially in leaf width, depth of the cordate base, and indumentum. This variation occurs throughout the species range and is rather weakly or not at all correlated with geography. In the absence of a detailed biosystematic study over the entire species range, we follow N. H. Holmgren (2005b) in not recognizing any infraspecific taxa, instead of accepting the three rather poorly defined varieties recognized by R. C. Rollins (1993).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

We have not seen material of Cardamine pensylvanica from Nebraska or South Dakota; it is very likely that the species grows in these states as well.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 471. FNA vol. 7, p. 482.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine
Sibling taxa
C. angulata, C. angustata, C. bellidifolia, C. blaisdellii, C. breweri, C. bulbosa, C. californica, C. clematitis, C. concatenata, C. constancei, C. digitata, C. diphylla, C. dissecta, C. douglassii, C. flagellifera, C. flexuosa, C. hirsuta, C. holmgrenii, C. impatiens, C. longii, C. macrocarpa, C. maxima, C. micranthera, C. microphylla, C. nuttallii, C. nymanii, C. occidentalis, C. oligosperma, C. pachystigma, C. parviflora, C. pattersonii, C. penduliflora, C. pensylvanica, C. pratensis, C. purpurea, C. rotundifolia, C. rupicola, C. umbellata
C. angulata, C. angustata, C. bellidifolia, C. blaisdellii, C. breweri, C. bulbosa, C. californica, C. clematitis, C. concatenata, C. constancei, C. cordifolia, C. digitata, C. diphylla, C. dissecta, C. douglassii, C. flagellifera, C. flexuosa, C. hirsuta, C. holmgrenii, C. impatiens, C. longii, C. macrocarpa, C. maxima, C. micranthera, C. microphylla, C. nuttallii, C. nymanii, C. occidentalis, C. oligosperma, C. pachystigma, C. parviflora, C. pattersonii, C. penduliflora, C. pratensis, C. purpurea, C. rotundifolia, C. rupicola, C. umbellata
Synonyms C. cordifolia var. cardiophylla, C. cordifolia var. diversifolia, C. cordifolia var. incana, C. cordifolia subsp. lyallii, C. cordifolia var. lyallii, C. cordifolia var. pubescens, C. incana, C. infausta, C. lyallii, C. uintahensis C. breweri var. oregana, C. flexuosa subsp. pensylvanica, C. hirsuta var. pensylvanica, C. multifolia, C. oregana, C. pensylvanica var. brittoniana, C. rotundifolia var. diversifolia, Dracamine pensylvanica
Name authority A. Gray: Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n. s., 4: 8. (1849) Muhlenberg ex Willdenow: Sp. Pl. 3: 486. (1801)
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