Cardamine cordifolia |
Cardamine concatenata |
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heart-leaf bitter-cress, large mountain bitter-cress, Lyall's bitter-cress |
cut-leaf toothwort |
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Habit | Perennials; glabrous or densely puberulent. | Perennials; usually sparsely pubescent, sometimes glabrous. |
Rhizomes | cylindrical, slender or stout, 1.5–3 mm diam., (not fleshy). |
(tuberiform, fragile), moniliform, segments fusiform, 2–10(–20) mm diam. (fleshy). |
Stems | erect, unbranched or branched distally, 2–7(–10.2) dm, glabrous or sparsely to densely puberulent basally or throughout. |
erect, unbranched, (1–)2–4(–5.5) dm, glabrous or pubescent distally. |
Rhizomal leaves | usually absent, rarely present, simple, 5–15 cm; petiole 2.5–12 cm; blade reniform to cordate, 1.5–4.5(–6) cm. |
3-foliolate, (7–)10–20(–30) cm, leaflets sessile; petiole (4–)7–18(–25) cm; lateral leaflets similar to terminal, blade sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet blade oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear, 2.5–6 cm, base cuneate, margins coarsely dentate to incised, laciniate, or 3-lobed (lobes usually toothed to incised, rarely entire, surfaces puberulent or not, trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm). |
Cauline leaves | (3–)5–17(–23), simple or, rarely, proximalmost 3-foliolate, petiolate; petiole 1–6.5(–8.5) cm, base not auriculate; blade reniform, deltate-cordate, or ovate-cordate, (1–)2–7.2(–9.7) cm × 10–55(–85) mm, (somewhat fleshy), base cordate or truncate, margins crenate to slightly sinuate, (veins ending in apiculae, surfaces glabrous or sparsely to densely pubescent). |
(2 or) 3, 3-foliolate (usually whorled or opposite, rarely alternate, similar in morphology to rhizomal leaves), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (1–)1.5–6(–7.5) cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet subsessile or petiolulate (to 3 cm), blade lanceolate, linear, or oblanceolate, (3–)4–10(–12) cm × (3–)5–20(–25) mm, margins usually coarsely dentate to incised, rarely subentire (margins minutely puberulent). |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, 2.5–4.5 × 1.5–2 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally; petals white, broadly obovate, 7–12 × 4–6 mm (claw to 6 mm, apex rounded to subtruncate or emarginate); filaments: median pairs 3.5–5 mm, lateral pair 2–3.5 mm; anthers oblong, 1–1.5 mm. |
sepals oblong, (4–)5–8 × 2–4 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally; petals white to pale pink, oblanceolate, (8–)10–20 × (3–)4–7(–9) mm, (short-clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 8–12 mm, lateral pair 6–8 mm; anthers oblong-linear, 1.5–2.5 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | divaricate to ascending, (7–)10–20 mm. |
ascending to divaricate, (6–)10–27(–33) mm. |
Fruits | linear, (2–)2.5–3.7(–4) cm × 1.2–2 mm; (valves glabrous or sparsely puberulent); ovules 14–24 per ovary; style 0.5–3(–6) mm. |
linear-lanceolate, (2–)2.5–3.8(–4.8) cm × 1.5–3 mm; (valves glabrous or sparsely pubescent); ovules 10–14 per ovary; style (2–)5–9(–12) mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong, 1.6–2 × 1–1.3 mm. |
brown, oblong, 1.6–3 × 1.8–2 mm. |
2n | = 24. |
= 128–256. |
Cardamine cordifolia |
Cardamine concatenata |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Aug. | Flowering Feb–May. |
Habitat | Stream banks, springs, shady gullies, creek bottoms, lakeshores, ponds, cold springs, meadows, moist hillsides, mossy areas, alpine streams, mixed coniferous forests | Wooded bottoms and bluffs, rich woods, limestone cliffs and outcrops, rocky banks, mesic forests, moist areas with leaf litter, floodplain woods |
Elevation | 600-3600 m (2000-11800 ft) | 0-1000 m (0-3300 ft) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; ID; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; BC
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AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; ON; QC
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Discussion | Cardamine cordifolia is highly variable in leaf morphology, especially in leaf width, depth of the cordate base, and indumentum. This variation occurs throughout the species range and is rather weakly or not at all correlated with geography. In the absence of a detailed biosystematic study over the entire species range, we follow N. H. Holmgren (2005b) in not recognizing any infraspecific taxa, instead of accepting the three rather poorly defined varieties recognized by R. C. Rollins (1993). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 471. | FNA vol. 7, p. 470. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Cardamine |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. cordifolia var. cardiophylla, C. cordifolia var. diversifolia, C. cordifolia var. incana, C. cordifolia subsp. lyallii, C. cordifolia var. lyallii, C. cordifolia var. pubescens, C. incana, C. infausta, C. lyallii, C. uintahensis | Dentaria concatenata, C. laciniata var. integra, C. laciniata var. lasiocarpa, Dentaria laciniata, Dentaria laciniata var. alterna, Dentaria laciniata var. coalescens, Dentaria laciniata var. integra, Dentaria laciniata var. latifolia, Dentaria laciniata var. opposita |
Name authority | A. Gray: Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, n. s., 4: 8. (1849) | (Michaux) O. Schwarz: Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 46: 188. (1939) |
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