Cardamine concatenata |
Cardamine oligosperma |
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cut-leaf toothwort |
alpine bitter-cress, few-seed bitter-cress, Idaho bittercress, little western bitter-cress, Siberian bitter-cress |
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Habit | Perennials; usually sparsely pubescent, sometimes glabrous. | Annuals or biennials; usually sparsely hirsute (at least proximally), rarely glabrous. |
Rhizomes | (tuberiform, fragile), moniliform, segments fusiform, 2–10(–20) mm diam. (fleshy). |
absent. |
Stems | erect, unbranched, (1–)2–4(–5.5) dm, glabrous or pubescent distally. |
(simple or few from base), erect to ascending, (not flexuous), unbranched or branched distally, (0.5–)0.8–3.2(–4.1) dm, usually pubescent throughout or proximally, rarely glabrous. |
Basal leaves | (persistent to anthesis), rosulate, pinnately compound, 5–9(–13)-foliolate, 2–8.5(–11) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole 1–6 cm; lateral leaflets petiolulate or subsessile, blade obovate to oblanceolate, smaller than terminal, margins entire or crenate; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.1–0.7 cm), blade usually orbicular to ovate, rarely oblong, 0.4–1.5(–2.3) cm × 3–10(–13) mm, base cordate to rounded, margins entire, or crenate-dentate to obscurely 3 or 5-lobed, (surfaces often hirsute, sometimes glabrous). |
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Rhizomal leaves | 3-foliolate, (7–)10–20(–30) cm, leaflets sessile; petiole (4–)7–18(–25) cm; lateral leaflets similar to terminal, blade sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet blade oblong, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear, 2.5–6 cm, base cuneate, margins coarsely dentate to incised, laciniate, or 3-lobed (lobes usually toothed to incised, rarely entire, surfaces puberulent or not, trichomes 0.2–0.3 mm). |
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Cauline leaves | (2 or) 3, 3-foliolate (usually whorled or opposite, rarely alternate, similar in morphology to rhizomal leaves), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (1–)1.5–6(–7.5) cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet subsessile or petiolulate (to 3 cm), blade lanceolate, linear, or oblanceolate, (3–)4–10(–12) cm × (3–)5–20(–25) mm, margins usually coarsely dentate to incised, rarely subentire (margins minutely puberulent). |
3–8, pinnately compound, similar to basal, smaller and fewer distally, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole 0.5–2 cm, base not auriculate. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, (4–)5–8 × 2–4 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally; petals white to pale pink, oblanceolate, (8–)10–20 × (3–)4–7(–9) mm, (short-clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 8–12 mm, lateral pair 6–8 mm; anthers oblong-linear, 1.5–2.5 mm. |
sepals oblong, 1.3–1.8(–2) × 0.5–1 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, narrowly spatulate to oblanceolate, 2.5–3.5 × 0.9–1.5 mm (not clawed); filaments: median pairs 1.7–2.5 mm, lateral pair 1.2–2 mm; anthers ovate, 0.3–0.5 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | ascending to divaricate, (6–)10–27(–33) mm. |
divaricate-ascending, (2–)3–9(–12) mm. |
Fruits | linear-lanceolate, (2–)2.5–3.8(–4.8) cm × 1.5–3 mm; (valves glabrous or sparsely pubescent); ovules 10–14 per ovary; style (2–)5–9(–12) mm. |
linear, (torulose), (1.3–)1.6–2.8 cm × 1–1.7 mm; (valves glabrous or sparsely pubescent); ovules 16–36(–42) per ovary; style 0.4–1(–1.5) mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong, 1.6–3 × 1.8–2 mm. |
brown, oblong, 1–1.6 × 0.8–1.2 mm. |
2n | = 128–256. |
= 16. |
Cardamine concatenata |
Cardamine oligosperma |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–May. | Flowering Mar–Jul. |
Habitat | Wooded bottoms and bluffs, rich woods, limestone cliffs and outcrops, rocky banks, mesic forests, moist areas with leaf litter, floodplain woods | Stream banks, shady banks, creek bottoms, lakeshores, meadows, moist areas, wooded slopes |
Elevation | 0-1000 m (0-3300 ft) | 50-3300 m (200-10800 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; ON; QC
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CA; CO; ID; MT; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; BC; Mexico (Baja California)
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 470. | FNA vol. 7, p. 479. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Dentaria concatenata, C. laciniata var. integra, C. laciniata var. lasiocarpa, Dentaria laciniata, Dentaria laciniata var. alterna, Dentaria laciniata var. coalescens, Dentaria laciniata var. integra, Dentaria laciniata var. latifolia, Dentaria laciniata var. opposita | C. acuminata, C. hirsuta var. acuminata, C. hirsuta var. bracteata, C. hirsuta subsp. oligosperma, C. hirsuta var. parviflora, C. oligosperma var. bracteata, C. oligosperma var. lucens, C. oligosperma var. unijuga, C. unijuga |
Name authority | (Michaux) O. Schwarz: Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 46: 188. (1939) | Nuttall: in J. Torrey and A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 85. (1838) |
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