Cardamine clematitis |
Cardamine pensylvanica |
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small mountain bittercress |
Pennsylvania bitter-cress, pennsylvanian bitter-cress, Quaker bitter-cress |
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Habit | Perennials; glabrous throughout. | Annuals or biennials; sparsely hirsute basally, glabrous distally. |
Rhizomes | cylindrical, slender, 1–3 mm diam. |
absent. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or rarely branched distally, (0.8–)1–2.5(–3.5) dm. |
(simple from base), erect, (not flexuous), unbranched or branched distally, (0.5–)1.5–5.5(–7) dm. |
Basal leaves | (soon withered), not rosulate, similar to proximalmost cauline leaves, 4–15 cm. |
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Rhizomal leaves | simple or 3-foliolate, (1.5–)3–8 cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (1–)2–6 cm; lateral leaflets subsessile, blade similar to terminal, much smaller; terminal leaflet petiolulate (to 1 cm), blade reniform to cordate, (0.5–)1–2 cm, base cordate, margins entire or 3-lobed. |
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Cauline leaves | 3–7, 3-foliolate (or distalmost simple), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole 0.7–3.5 cm, base auriculate (auricle 0.7–5 mm); lateral leaflets sessile or petiolulate (to 0.5 cm), blade oblong to ovate or oblong; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.5–1 cm), blade broadly ovate to suborbicular or reniform, 1.5–4 cm × 15–35 mm, margins often 3 or 5-lobed (lobe apex minutely apiculate, glabrous on margin). |
(3–)5–20(–35), pinnately (5 or) 7–13(–19)-foliolate, sometimes appearing pinnatisect, lobe number similar to leaflets (middle and proximal ones 2–11 cm), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate, subsessile, or sessile; petiole (0.4–)1–3.5(–4.5) cm, base not auriculate, (often sparsely hirsute); lateral leaflets shortly petiolulate or sessile, (decurrent on rachis smaller than terminal, distalmost blades narrower, with fewer lobes or leaflets), margins entire or crenate; terminal leaflet (subsessile or petiolule to 1 cm), blade suborbicular, obovate to oblanceolate, or elliptic, 1.3–3(–4) cm × 6–25 mm, base often cuneate, margins entire, repand, or obscurely 3 or 5-lobed. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, 2.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, oblanceolate, 6–8 × 2–3 mm (not clawed, apex obtuse to subemarginate); filaments: median pairs 3.5–4 mm, lateral pair 2–2.5 mm; anthers ovate, ca. 0.7 mm. |
sepals oblong, (1–)1.3–2.3 × 0.5–1 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, narrowly spatulate to oblanceolate, 2–3.5(–4) × 0.8–1.5 mm, (not clawed); filaments: median pairs 1.5–2.5 mm, lateral pair 1–2 mm; anthers ovate, 0.2–0.3 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | divaricate-ascending, (7–)10–17 mm. |
divaricate-ascending, (3–)4–10(–13) mm. |
Fruits | linear, (1.5–)2–3.5(–4) cm × 1.3–1.7 mm; ovules 10–16 per ovary; style 2–4 mm. |
linear, (torulose), (1.4–)1.7–2.7(–3.2) cm × 0.8–1.1 mm; ovules 40–80 per ovary; style 0.5–1 mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong, 1.7–2 × 1–1.2 mm. |
brown, oblong to ovoid, 0.7–1.1 × 0.5–0.8 mm. |
2n | = 32, 64. |
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Cardamine clematitis |
Cardamine pensylvanica |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Jun. | Flowering Apr–Jul. |
Habitat | Wet areas, springs, moist slopes | Marshes, streams, swamps, ditches, seepage, springs, lake margins, mesic bottomland and upland forests, wet areas, ledges of sheltered bluffs, banks and shallow water of streams and spring branches, margins of crop fields, waste ground |
Elevation | 1300-1800 m (4300-5900 ft) | 0-2800 m (0-9200 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; FL; GA; NC; TN; VA |
AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT
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Discussion | We have not seen material of Cardamine pensylvanica from Nebraska or South Dakota; it is very likely that the species grows in these states as well. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 470. | FNA vol. 7, p. 482. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. breweri var. oregana, C. flexuosa subsp. pensylvanica, C. hirsuta var. pensylvanica, C. multifolia, C. oregana, C. pensylvanica var. brittoniana, C. rotundifolia var. diversifolia, Dracamine pensylvanica | |
Name authority | Shuttleworth ex A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 15: 45. (1880) | Muhlenberg ex Willdenow: Sp. Pl. 3: 486. (1801) |
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