Cardamine clematitis |
Cardamine maxima |
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small mountain bittercress |
large toothwort |
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Habit | Perennials; glabrous throughout. | Perennials; glabrous (except leaflet margins and, sometimes, rachis). |
Rhizomes | cylindrical, slender, 1–3 mm diam. |
cylindrical, 3–6 mm diam., (distinctly constricted at intervals, non-uniform diam., fleshy, slightly fragile, with dentate leaf scars). |
Stems | erect, unbranched or rarely branched distally, (0.8–)1–2.5(–3.5) dm. |
erect, unbranched, 0.9–3(–4) dm. |
Rhizomal leaves | simple or 3-foliolate, (1.5–)3–8 cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (1–)2–6 cm; lateral leaflets subsessile, blade similar to terminal, much smaller; terminal leaflet petiolulate (to 1 cm), blade reniform to cordate, (0.5–)1–2 cm, base cordate, margins entire or 3-lobed. |
3-foliolate, 7–20 cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole 4–15 cm; lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolulate, blade often similar to terminal, base often oblique; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.2–1(–1.7) cm), blade broadly ovate to oblong, 2–7.5 cm × 12–37 mm, base cuneate to obtuse, margins coarsely dentate to sharply incised, or deeply cleft into 2 or 3 lobes (lobes dentate or incised, margins puberulent). |
Cauline leaves | 3–7, 3-foliolate (or distalmost simple), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole 0.7–3.5 cm, base auriculate (auricle 0.7–5 mm); lateral leaflets sessile or petiolulate (to 0.5 cm), blade oblong to ovate or oblong; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.5–1 cm), blade broadly ovate to suborbicular or reniform, 1.5–4 cm × 15–35 mm, margins often 3 or 5-lobed (lobe apex minutely apiculate, glabrous on margin). |
2 or 3, 3-foliolate, (rarely subopposite), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (0.5–)1–4(–6.5) cm, base not auriculate; lateral and terminal leaflets similar to rhizomal, distalmost sometimes much smaller. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, 2.5–3 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, oblanceolate, 6–8 × 2–3 mm (not clawed, apex obtuse to subemarginate); filaments: median pairs 3.5–4 mm, lateral pair 2–2.5 mm; anthers ovate, ca. 0.7 mm. |
sepals (erect to ascending), oblong, 5–7 × 2–3 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally; petals white or pink, oblanceolate, 10–17 × 3–6 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 4–8 mm, lateral pair 3–6.5 mm; anthers linear, 1.7–2.7 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | divaricate-ascending, (7–)10–17 mm. |
(flowering ones) horizontal to divaricate or deflexed, 7–20 mm. |
Fruits | linear, (1.5–)2–3.5(–4) cm × 1.3–1.7 mm; ovules 10–16 per ovary; style 2–4 mm. |
(undeveloped), linear-lanceolate, to 3 cm × 2 mm; ovules 10–14 per ovary; style 3.5–7 mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong, 1.7–2 × 1–1.2 mm. |
not known. |
2n | = 120, 124, 132, 138, 156, 161, ca. 208. |
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Cardamine clematitis |
Cardamine maxima |
|
Phenology | Flowering May–Jun. | Flowering Apr–Jun. |
Habitat | Wet areas, springs, moist slopes | Rich woods, shady ravines, ledges, moist alluvial bottoms, steep forested slopes, stream banks |
Elevation | 1300-1800 m (4300-5900 ft) | |
Distribution |
AL; FL; GA; NC; TN; VA |
CT; MA; ME; MI; NJ; NY; OH; PA; VT; NB; ON; QC
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Discussion | Cardamine maxima has not been found with mature fruits and seeds and it has long been suspected to be a hybrid between C. concatenata and C. diphylla. Molecular studies (P. W. Sweeney and R. A. Price 2000) indicate that C. maxima is distinct from both those species. Although we hesitate to maintain it as a species, its wide distribution and morphological distinctness warrant its recognition. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 470. | FNA vol. 7, p. 477. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Dentaria maxima, C. anomala, Dentaria anomala | |
Name authority | Shuttleworth ex A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 15: 45. (1880) | (Nuttall) Alph. Wood: Amer. Bot. Fl., 38. (1870) |
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