Cardamine breweri |
Cardamine maxima |
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Brewer's bitter-cress, round bittercress |
large toothwort |
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Habit | Perennials; usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent basally. | Perennials; glabrous (except leaflet margins and, sometimes, rachis). |
Rhizomes | cylindrical, slender (rarely slightly thickened at stem base), 1–3(–4) mm diam. |
cylindrical, 3–6 mm diam., (distinctly constricted at intervals, non-uniform diam., fleshy, slightly fragile, with dentate leaf scars). |
Stems | erect or decumbent basally, unbranched or branched, (0.6–)1.5–6(–7) dm. |
erect, unbranched, 0.9–3(–4) dm. |
Rhizomal leaves | absent. |
3-foliolate, 7–20 cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole 4–15 cm; lateral leaflets subsessile or petiolulate, blade often similar to terminal, base often oblique; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.2–1(–1.7) cm), blade broadly ovate to oblong, 2–7.5 cm × 12–37 mm, base cuneate to obtuse, margins coarsely dentate to sharply incised, or deeply cleft into 2 or 3 lobes (lobes dentate or incised, margins puberulent). |
Cauline leaves | 3–8(–11), 3 or 5-foliolate (rarely only terminal leaflet present), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (0.7–)1–4(–6) cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets (when present) subsessile or petiolulate (to 0.4 cm), blade similar to terminal, often much smaller and narrower than terminal; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.4–1.6 cm), blade usually ovate to orbicular, rarely subcordate, 1.5–4(–5) cm × 15–35(–50) mm, base truncate, rounded, or cordate, margins crenate, dentate, sinuate, or to 11-lobed. |
2 or 3, 3-foliolate, (rarely subopposite), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (0.5–)1–4(–6.5) cm, base not auriculate; lateral and terminal leaflets similar to rhizomal, distalmost sometimes much smaller. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, 2–3(–3.8) × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, oblanceolate, 3.5–6(–7) × 1.5–2.5(–3) mm (not clawed, apex rounded or ± emarginate); filaments: median pairs 2.5–3.5 mm, lateral pair 2–2.5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.7–1 mm. |
sepals (erect to ascending), oblong, 5–7 × 2–3 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally; petals white or pink, oblanceolate, 10–17 × 3–6 mm, (not clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 4–8 mm, lateral pair 3–6.5 mm; anthers linear, 1.7–2.7 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | ascending to divaricate-ascending, (7–)10–20 mm. |
(flowering ones) horizontal to divaricate or deflexed, 7–20 mm. |
Fruits | linear, 1.5–3.5 cm × 1–1.5 mm; ovules 14–28 per ovary; style 0.2–1.5(–2.5) mm. |
(undeveloped), linear-lanceolate, to 3 cm × 2 mm; ovules 10–14 per ovary; style 3.5–7 mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong, 1–1.6 × 0.9–1.1 mm. |
not known. |
2n | = 120, 124, 132, 138, 156, 161, ca. 208. |
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Cardamine breweri |
Cardamine maxima |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Jul. | Flowering Apr–Jun. |
Habitat | Stream banks, seepage, lakeshores, creeks, wet meadows, swamps, ponds | Rich woods, shady ravines, ledges, moist alluvial bottoms, steep forested slopes, stream banks |
Elevation | 1200-3000 m (3900-9800 ft) | |
Distribution |
CA; CO; ID; MT; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; BC
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CT; MA; ME; MI; NJ; NY; OH; PA; VT; NB; ON; QC
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Discussion | Cardamine maxima has not been found with mature fruits and seeds and it has long been suspected to be a hybrid between C. concatenata and C. diphylla. Molecular studies (P. W. Sweeney and R. A. Price 2000) indicate that C. maxima is distinct from both those species. Although we hesitate to maintain it as a species, its wide distribution and morphological distinctness warrant its recognition. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 469. | FNA vol. 7, p. 477. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. breweri var. leibergii, C. breweri var. orbicularis, C. breweri var. oregana, C. callosicrenata, C. foliacea, C. hederifolia, C. leibergii, C. modocensis, C. orbicularis, C. oregana, C. vallicola, C. vallicola subsp. leibergii | Dentaria maxima, C. anomala, Dentaria anomala |
Name authority | S. Watson: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 10: 339. (1875) | (Nuttall) Alph. Wood: Amer. Bot. Fl., 38. (1870) |
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