Cardamine breweri |
Cardamine californica |
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Brewer's bitter-cress, round bittercress |
California toothwort, coast toothwort, milk maids, tooth wort |
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Habit | Perennials; usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pubescent basally. | Perennials; usually glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent. |
Rhizomes | cylindrical, slender (rarely slightly thickened at stem base), 1–3(–4) mm diam. |
(tuberiform, fragile), globose to ovoid or suboblong, (3–)4–10 mm diam., (fleshy, deeply underground). |
Stems | erect or decumbent basally, unbranched or branched, (0.6–)1.5–6(–7) dm. |
erect, unbranched, (2–)2.7–6(–7)dm, usually glabrous, rarely pubescent. |
Rhizomal leaves | absent. |
3 (or 5–7)-foliolate, sometimes simple, 8–25(–38) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (5–)8–25(–32) cm; lateral leaflets (when present) petiolulate to subsessile, blade similar to terminal, sometimes smaller; terminal leaflet (petiolule (0.7–)2–5(–11) cm), blade (of simple leaf) ovate to orbicular to broadly cordate or reniform, (1.5–)2.5–7.5(–10) cm × (12–)20–90(–130) mm, base obtuse to cordate, margins entire or dentate to shallowly sinuate, (often with apiculae at veins ending at margin, sometimes minutely pubescent on veins). |
Cauline leaves | 3–8(–11), 3 or 5-foliolate (rarely only terminal leaflet present), petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (0.7–)1–4(–6) cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets (when present) subsessile or petiolulate (to 0.4 cm), blade similar to terminal, often much smaller and narrower than terminal; terminal leaflet (petiolule 0.4–1.6 cm), blade usually ovate to orbicular, rarely subcordate, 1.5–4(–5) cm × 15–35(–50) mm, base truncate, rounded, or cordate, margins crenate, dentate, sinuate, or to 11-lobed. |
2–5, usually 3 (or 5)-foliolate, rarely simple, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole 1–5(–9) cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, smaller, margins usually dentate, rarely entire; terminal leaflet sessile or petiolulate, blade usually broadly ovate to suborbicular or lanceolate, rarely narrowly oblong, 1–7 cm × (5–)10–47(–65) mm. |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, 2–3(–3.8) × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair not saccate basally; petals white, oblanceolate, 3.5–6(–7) × 1.5–2.5(–3) mm (not clawed, apex rounded or ± emarginate); filaments: median pairs 2.5–3.5 mm, lateral pair 2–2.5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.7–1 mm. |
sepals (erect to ascending), oblong, 3.5–4.5(–5.5) × 1.5–2(–2.5) mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals white to pale rose, often broadly obovate, 8–13(–15) × 4–8 mm (clawed, apex rounded); filaments: median pairs 4–6.5 mm, lateral pair 3–4 mm; anthers oblong, 1.2–1.7 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | ascending to divaricate-ascending, (7–)10–20 mm. |
ascending to divaricate, 10–33(–41) mm. |
Fruits | linear, 1.5–3.5 cm × 1–1.5 mm; ovules 14–28 per ovary; style 0.2–1.5(–2.5) mm. |
linear, 2.2–5.4(–6) cm × 2–3 mm; ovules 12–22 per ovary; style 2–5(–6) mm. |
Seeds | brown, oblong, 1–1.6 × 0.9–1.1 mm. |
dark brown, oblong to broadly ovoid, 1.7–2.8 × 1.2–1.8 mm. |
2n | = 32. |
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Cardamine breweri |
Cardamine californica |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Jul. | Flowering Jan–May. |
Habitat | Stream banks, seepage, lakeshores, creeks, wet meadows, swamps, ponds | Wooded ravines, forest floors, shady slopes, open woods, shady rock crevices, stream banks and bottoms, canyons, moist hillsides, cliffs |
Elevation | 1200-3000 m (3900-9800 ft) | 0-1400 m (0-4600 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; CO; ID; MT; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; BC
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CA; Mexico (Baja California)
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Discussion | The synonymy above suggests that Schulz, Detling, and Rollins did not agree on the characters used or the number and rank of taxa recognized. The taxonomy of this complex is based solely on differences in the number of leaflets, their division, size, and shape, all other aspects of these plants (e.g., rhizomes, flowers, fruits, and seeds) being fairly uniform. Indeed, the infraspecific taxa recognized represent only part of the overall variation in the species, and one is faced with either recognizing poorly defined infraspecific taxa or treating the entire complex as a single polymorphic species. In the absence of thorough biosystematic and molecular studies on this group, we prefer not to recognize any infraspecific taxa. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 469. | FNA vol. 7, p. 469. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. breweri var. leibergii, C. breweri var. orbicularis, C. breweri var. oregana, C. callosicrenata, C. foliacea, C. hederifolia, C. leibergii, C. modocensis, C. orbicularis, C. oregana, C. vallicola, C. vallicola subsp. leibergii | Dentaria californica, C. californica var. brevistyla, C. californica var. cardiophylla, C. californica subsp. cuneata, C. californica var. cuneata, C. californica var. fecunda, C. californica var. integrifolia, C. californica var. pubescens, C. californica var. robinsoniana, C. californica var. sinuata, C. cardiophylla, C. cuneata, C. integrifolia, C. integrifolia var. sinuata, C. pachystigma var. dissectifolia, C. paucisecta, C. sinuata, Dentaria californica var. cardiophylla, Dentaria californica var. cuneata, Dentaria californica var. integrifolia, Dentaria californica var. sinuata, Dentaria cardiophylla, Dentaria cuneata, Dentaria integrifolia, Dentaria integrifolia var. californica, Dentaria integrifolia var. cardiophylla, Dentaria integrifolia var. traceyi, Dentaria pachystigma var. dissectifolia, Dentaria sinuata |
Name authority | S. Watson: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 10: 339. (1875) | (Nuttall) Greene: Fl. Francisc., 266. (1891) |
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