Cardamine angulata |
Cardamine pratensis |
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angle bitter-cress, angle-leaf bitter-cress, seaside bitter-cress |
Brewer's bitter-cress, cuckoo bitter-cress, cuckoo flower, European field bitter-cress, lady's-smock, meadow bittercress, pink cuckoo bitter-cress |
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Habit | Perennials; glabrous or sparsely pubescent. | Perennials; usually glabrous, rarely sparsely pilose basally. |
Rhizomes | cylindrical, slender, to 2 mm diam. |
cylindrical, (not fragile), relatively short, (not fleshy). |
Stems | erect, unbranched, (1.5–)2.5–8.5(–10) dm, sparsely to densely hirsute at base. |
erect, unbranched, (0.8–)1.5–5.5(–8) dm. |
Rhizomal leaves | 3 (or 5)-foliolate, (4–)7–20(–22) cm, leaflets petiolulate or subsessile; petiole (2–)4–12(–14) cm; lateral leaflets subsessile, blade similar to terminal, larger or smaller in size; terminal leaflet petiolulate [(0.3–)0.5–1.5 cm], blade ovate to broadly lanceolate, 1.5–7(–9) cm, base usually cuneate, rarely subreniform or obtuse, margins 3–5(–7)-lobed or -toothed, surfaces puberulent. |
simple or 5–9(–31)-foliolate, to 30 cm, (thin, veins raised), leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole (1–)2–7(–10) cm; lateral leaflets petiolulate or sessile, blade similar to terminal or smaller, orbicular, ovate, or obovate, margins crenate or repand; terminal leaflet (petiolule to 1.5 cm), blade orbicular or broadly obovate, 0.3–2 cm diam., base usually rounded, rarely subreniform or cuneate, margins repand, (apex rounded). |
Cauline leaves | (3 or) 4–8, 3 (or 5)-foliolate, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile; petiole 1–4 cm, base not auriculate; lateral leaflets sessile, blade similar to terminal, smaller, margins usually dentate, rarely entire; terminal leaflet sessile or petiolulate, blade broadly ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2–7 cm × 6–40 mm, margins minutely pubescent. |
2–12(–18), pinnatisect, petiolate, leaflets petiolulate or sessile, (2–17 cm including petiole, thin, veins raised); petiole base not auriculate; lobes or leaflets (4–7(–13) each side of rachis), petiolulate or sessile and decurrent, blade similar to terminal lobe or leaflet, margins usually entire, rarely dentate; terminal lobe or leaflet (petiolulate or sessile), blade linear, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, 1–2.5(–3.5) cm × 5–8(–10) mm, (surfaces glabrous). |
Racemes | ebracteate. |
ebracteate. |
Flowers | sepals oblong, 2.5–4 × 1.3–2 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals usually white, rarely pinkish, obovate, 8–15 × 4–8 mm (clawed, apex rounded or emarginate); filaments: median pairs 3.5–6 mm, lateral pair 2–3.5 mm; anthers oblong, 0.8–1.2 mm. |
sepals (erect or spreading), oblong or ovate, (2.5–)3–5(–6) × 1–2 mm, lateral pair saccate basally; petals usually purple or lilac, rarely white, obovate, (6–)8–15(–18) × 3–7.5(–10) mm, (clawed, apex rounded or emarginate); filaments: median pairs 5–10 mm, lateral pair 3–6 mm; anthers narrowly oblong, (0.8–)1.2–2 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | ascending to divaricate, (9–)12–25 mm. |
erect-ascending or subdivaricate, (5–)12–25(–30) mm. |
Fruits | linear, 1.5–3.2 cm × 1.4–2 mm; ovules 10–16 per ovary; style (0.5–)1–4 mm. |
linear, (1.6–)2.5–4.5(–5) cm × (1.2–)1.5–2.3 mm; ovules 20–30 per ovary; style (0.5–)1–2.2(–2.7) mm, (stout). |
Seeds | dark brown, oblong, 1.8–2.3 × 1–1.2 mm. |
light brown, oblong, 1.2–1.8(–2) × 1–1.4 mm. |
2n | = 40. |
= 16. |
Cardamine angulata |
Cardamine pratensis |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jun. | Flowering May–Aug. |
Habitat | Moist ground, stream banks, swampy or damp woods, thickets, wet meadows | Moist grounds, stream sides, limestone shores, sedge and grass meadows, marshy pond margins, mossy areas, wet hollows, boggy areas, turfy shores, damp creek banks, swamps, brooks and ditches, moist ravines, springy swales |
Elevation | 0-900 m (0-3000 ft) | 0-1000 m (0-3300 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; CA; OR; WA; BC
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CT; IN; MA; ME; MI; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; VT; BC; NB; NF; NS; ON; QC; Eurasia
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Discussion | The taxonomy of Cardamine pratensis in North America requires further detailed study. Most, if not all, populations of this species were introduced from Europe. Some specimens resemble the European C. dentata Schultes (high polyploid, characterized by all leaves, including distalmost, pinnate with petiolate and sometimes deciduous leaflets) and these populations might be native. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 467. | FNA vol. 7, p. 482. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | C. angulata var. alba, C. angulata var. hirsuta, C. angulata var. pentaphylla, Dentaria grandiflora | Dracamine pratensis |
Name authority | Hooker: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 44. (1829) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 656. (1753) |
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