Buddleja madagascariensis |
Scrophulariaceae |
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smoke bush |
figwort family |
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Habit | Shrubs, climbing, sarmentose, 20–50 dm. | Shrubs, subshrubs, trees, or herbs, annual, biennial, or perennial, not fleshy [fleshy], autotrophic. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | branched, tomentose. |
prostrate, ascending, pendent, or erect. |
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Leaves | often with globular stipular lines; petiole 5–15 mm; blade ovate to elliptic, 8–15 × 2–5 cm, base rounded, margins entire, apex acuminate, abaxial surface tomentose, adaxial glabrous or glabrate. |
deciduous, semipersistent, or persistent, basal and cauline or cauline, opposite or alternate, simple; stipules absent or present (most Buddleja, Emorya, Limosella); petiole present or absent; blade fleshy or not, leathery or not, margins entire to subentire, undulate, toothed, lobed, divided, or incised. |
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Inflorescences | terminal, tapering-spicate thyrses, 5–25 × 3–5 cm, cymes 10–25 pairs, 5–15-flowered. |
terminal, subterminal, or axillary, racemes, cymes, panicles, or thyrses (or combinations thereof), spikes, fascicles, or flowers 1(or 2). |
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Pedicels | essentially absent; bracteoles present. |
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Flowers | slightly fragrant; calyx tomentose externally, tube 2–3 mm, lobes 0.5–1 mm; corolla yellowish orange, salverform, tube 7–9 mm, lobes suborbiculate, 2.5–3.5 × 2–3 mm; stamens inserted proximal to throat of corolla tube, included in tube; ovary subglobular, 1–1.5 mm, tomentose at tip; stigma clavate, 1–1.5 mm. |
bisexual or unisexual (some Buddleja), perianth and androecium hypogynous; sepals 4 or 5, ± distinct (Capraria), connate proximally, or to past middle (Limosella), calyx radially or bilaterally symmetric; petals 4 or 5, proximally connate, corolla radially or bilaterally symmetric, regular or bilabiate, rotate to salverform, tubular, funnelform, or campanulate; stamens mostly 4 or 5(–8 in Myoporum), adnate to corolla, didynamous or equal, staminode 0 or 1; pistil 1, 2-carpellate, ovary superior, 2- or 4-locular (partition incomplete and ovary 1-locular distally in Limosella), placentation axile (free-central in Limosella, apical in Myoporum); ovules anatropous or hemitropous (Buddleja), unitegmic, tenuinucellate; style 1; stigma 1, sometimes 2-lobed. |
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Fruits | berries, bluish purple, globular, 2.5–5 × 2.5–5 mm, papillose, indehiscent. |
capsules, dry and dehiscence septicidal or loculicidal, or fleshy and drupelike (Bontia, Myoporum) or berries (some Buddleja), [schizocarps]. |
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Seeds | ovoid, 0.6–0.9 × 0.5–0.6 mm, wings absent. |
1–300, white, yellow, orangish, brown, or black, ovoid, oblong-ovoid, conic, ellipsoid, L-shaped, angled, cylindric, threadlike, or fusiform; embryo straight or slightly curved, endosperm abundant or not. |
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2n | = 38. |
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Buddleja madagascariensis |
Scrophulariaceae |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–May; fruiting not known in continental United States. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Roadsides. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 10–20 m. (0–100 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
FL; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies (Cuba, Puerto Rico), South America (Argentina, Uruguay), Europe (Greece), Africa (Republic of South Africa), Indian Ocean Islands (Mauritius, Réunion), Pacific Islands (Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand), Australia] |
nearly worldwide except boreal and arctic North America and Asia; tropical Africa; Antarctica |
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Discussion | Buddleja madagascariensis is considered a serious invader in Hawaii at 900–1200 m, where it sets abundant fruits (Hawaii Invasive Species Council, https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/species/smoke-bush/); this contrasts with the report by A. J. M. Leeuwenberg (1979) that he had observed specimens with fruits only from Crete, Madagascar, and Mauritius. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Genera ca. 60, species ca. 1700 (9 genera, 45 species in the flora). As noted in the introduction to this volume, the authors follow a narrow circumscription of Scrophulariaceae. Molecular studies (especially R. G. Olmstead et al. 2001 and B. Oxelman et al. 2005) have shown that some of the taxa commonly included in earlier treatments of Scrophulariaceae are better placed elsewhere, particularly in Orobanchaceae (hemiparasitic members, for example, Rhinantheae Lamarck & de Candolle) and Plantaginaceae (for example, Penstemon). Oxelman et al. and D. C. Tank et al. (2006) both recognized eight tribes in their analyses of the Scrophulariaceae. Five of the eight, Buddlejeae Bartling (Buddleja, Emorya), Leucophylleae Miers (Capraria, Leucophyllum), Limoselleae Dumortier (Limosella), Myoporeae Reichenbach (Bontia, Myoporum), and Scrophularieae Dumortier (Scrophularia, Verbascum), are represented in the flora area. Inclusion of Myoporaceae (three or four genera and 125 species, in the sense of A. Cronquist 1981) is warranted based on its close similarity to Leucophylleae. Morphological similarities have led workers either to propose transferring Leucophylleae from Scrophulariaceae to Myoporaceae (C. J. Niezgoda and A. S. Tomb 1975) or to question the validity of recognizing Myoporaceae as distinct from Scrophulariaceae (J. Henrickson and L. D. Flyr 1985). R. G. Olmstead et al. (2001) confirmed this closeness in their molecular survey, with Leucophyllum and Myoporum clustering together and forming a clade sister to Buddlejaceae; Leucophylleae and Myoporeae also clustered together in the studies by B. Oxelman et al. (2005) and E. Gándara and V. Sosa (2013). Members of Buddlejaceae (10 genera, ca. 150 species, in the sense of A. Cronquist 1981) often have been included in Loganiaceae (G. K. Rogers 1986) or treated as a separate family. Cronquist noted that the four-lobed corolla may be the primitive condition for the Scrophulariales and that Buddlejaceae is clearly not primitive. B. Oxelman et al. (1999) showed that Buddlejaceae is monophyletic; R. G. Olmstead et al. (2001) and Oxelman et al. (2005) both found that Buddleja clustered within Scrophulariaceae in the strict sense; that interpretation is followed here. J. H. Chau et al. (2017) found that Buddlejeae is monophyletic. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 329. | FNA vol. 17, p. 324. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Scrophulariaceae > Buddleja | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | Nicodemia madagascariensis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Lamarck: in J. Lamarck et al., Encycl. 1: 513. (1785) — (as Budleia) | Jussieu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Web links |
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