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smoke bush

false olive, squarestem butterfly bush

Habit Shrubs, climbing, sarmentose, 20–50 dm. Shrubs or trees, 5–50 dm.
Stems

branched, tomentose.

much-branched, lepidote when young.

Leaves

often with globular stipular lines;

petiole 5–15 mm;

blade ovate to elliptic, 8–15 × 2–5 cm, base rounded, margins entire, apex acuminate, abaxial surface tomentose, adaxial glabrous or glabrate.

stipular lines faint;

petiole 2–10 mm;

blade narrowly elliptic to linear, 6–15 × 0.4–3 cm, base cuneate or decurrent, margins entire, apex acute to acuminate, abaxial surface appressed-tomentose, adaxial glabrate.

Inflorescences

terminal, tapering-spicate thyrses, 5–25 × 3–5 cm, cymes 10–25 pairs, 5–15-flowered.

axillary or terminal, broadly paniculate, 8–14 × 10–16 cm, cymes 5–7 pairs, 15–60-flowered, cymules 3–5-flowered.

Pedicels

essentially absent;

bracteoles present.

present;

bracteoles present or absent.

Flowers

slightly fragrant;

calyx tomentose externally, tube 2–3 mm, lobes 0.5–1 mm;

corolla yellowish orange, salverform, tube 7–9 mm, lobes suborbiculate, 2.5–3.5 × 2–3 mm;

stamens inserted proximal to throat of corolla tube, included in tube;

ovary subglobular, 1–1.5 mm, tomentose at tip;

stigma clavate, 1–1.5 mm.

fragrant;

calyx lepidote externally, tube 0.5–1 mm, lobes 0.2–0.3 mm;

corolla white, campanulate-rotate, tube 1–1.2 mm, lobes suborbiculate, 1–1.5 × 0.7–1 mm;

stamens inserted medially in corolla tube, exserted from tube;

ovary ovoid, 0.5–0.8 mm, sparsely lepidote;

stigma capitate, 0.2 mm.

Fruits

berries, bluish purple, globular, 2.5–5 × 2.5–5 mm, papillose, indehiscent.

capsules, brown, oblong, 1.5–2.5 × 0.8–1 mm, sparsely lepidote, dehiscence primarily septicidal.

Seeds

ovoid, 0.6–0.9 × 0.5–0.6 mm, wings absent.

ovoid, 1–1.4 × 0.4–0.6 mm, wings short at both ends.

2n

= 38.

Buddleja madagascariensis

Buddleja saligna

Phenology Flowering Mar–May; fruiting not known in continental United States. Flowering May–Sep; fruiting Jul–Oct.
Habitat Roadsides. Roadsides, disturbed chaparral, banks of canyons.
Elevation 10–20 m. (0–100 ft.) 400–1200 m. (1300–3900 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
FL; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies (Cuba, Puerto Rico), South America (Argentina, Uruguay), Europe (Greece), Africa (Republic of South Africa), Indian Ocean Islands (Mauritius, Réunion), Pacific Islands (Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand), Australia]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; Africa (Republic of South Africa) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Australia]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Buddleja madagascariensis is considered a serious invader in Hawaii at 900–1200 m, where it sets abundant fruits (Hawaii Invasive Species Council, https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/species/smoke-bush/); this contrasts with the report by A. J. M. Leeuwenberg (1979) that he had observed specimens with fruits only from Crete, Madagascar, and Mauritius.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Buddleja saligna is established in Los Angeles County, where it was first collected in 1965 (Fuller 13379, CDA). It was originally reported for California under the illegitimate name Chilianthus oleaceous Burchell.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 17, p. 329. FNA vol. 17, p. 331.
Parent taxa Scrophulariaceae > Buddleja Scrophulariaceae > Buddleja
Sibling taxa
B. davidii, B. indica, B. lindleyana, B. marrubiifolia, B. racemosa, B. saligna, B. scordioides, B. sessiliflora, B. utahensis
B. davidii, B. indica, B. lindleyana, B. madagascariensis, B. marrubiifolia, B. racemosa, B. scordioides, B. sessiliflora, B. utahensis
Synonyms Nicodemia madagascariensis
Name authority Lamarck: in J. Lamarck et al., Encycl. 1: 513. (1785) — (as Budleia) Willdenow: Enum. Pl. 1: 159. (1809)
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