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smoke bush

butterfly-bush, orange eye, orange-eye butterfly-bush, orange-eyed butterfly-bush, summer-lilac

Habit Shrubs, climbing, sarmentose, 20–50 dm. Shrubs, 5–30 dm.
Stems

branched, tomentose.

branched, tomentose.

Leaves

often with globular stipular lines;

petiole 5–15 mm;

blade ovate to elliptic, 8–15 × 2–5 cm, base rounded, margins entire, apex acuminate, abaxial surface tomentose, adaxial glabrous or glabrate.

often with auriculate stipules;

petiole 5 mm;

blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 10–15 × 2–4 cm, base attenuate or cuneate, margins serrate or subentire, apex acute or acuminate, abaxial surface tomentose, adaxial glabrous or glabrescent.

Inflorescences

terminal, tapering-spicate thyrses, 5–25 × 3–5 cm, cymes 10–25 pairs, 5–15-flowered.

terminal, tapered-spicate or narrowly paniculate thyrses, 10–20 × 2–4 cm, cymes almost encircling inflorescence axis, 10–25 pairs, 3–30-flowered.

Pedicels

essentially absent;

bracteoles present.

essentially absent;

bracteoles present.

Flowers

slightly fragrant;

calyx tomentose externally, tube 2–3 mm, lobes 0.5–1 mm;

corolla yellowish orange, salverform, tube 7–9 mm, lobes suborbiculate, 2.5–3.5 × 2–3 mm;

stamens inserted proximal to throat of corolla tube, included in tube;

ovary subglobular, 1–1.5 mm, tomentose at tip;

stigma clavate, 1–1.5 mm.

fragrant;

calyx sparsely hairy externally, tube 1.5–2 mm, lobes 0.5–1.5 mm;

corolla straight, violet or pink, rarely white, often with yellow-orange eye, salverform, tube 8–10 mm, lobes suborbiculate, 2–3 × 2–3 mm;

stamens inserted medially in corolla tube, included in tube;

ovary ovoid, 2 mm, glabrous or puberulent;

stigma clavate, 1 mm.

Fruits

berries, bluish purple, globular, 2.5–5 × 2.5–5 mm, papillose, indehiscent.

capsules, brown, narrowly ellipsoid, 5–9 × 1.5–2 mm, glabrous or puberulent, dehiscence primarily septicidal.

Seeds

ovoid, 0.6–0.9 × 0.5–0.6 mm, wings absent.

threadlike, 3–4 × 0.5 mm, wings long.

2n

= 38.

= 76.

Buddleja madagascariensis

Buddleja davidii

Phenology Flowering Mar–May; fruiting not known in continental United States. Flowering May–Oct; fruiting Jul–Nov.
Habitat Roadsides. Roadsides, railroad embankments, quarries, streambeds, landslide scars, sandy lakeshores, disturbed sites.
Elevation 10–20 m. (0–100 ft.) 0–1300 m. (0–4300 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
FL; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies (Cuba, Puerto Rico), South America (Argentina, Uruguay), Europe (Greece), Africa (Republic of South Africa), Indian Ocean Islands (Mauritius, Réunion), Pacific Islands (Fiji, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand), Australia]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; CA; CT; DC; DE; GA; IL; KY; MA; MD; MI; MO; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; WA; WV; BC; ON; Asia (China) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Central America, South America, Europe, Africa, Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand), Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Buddleja madagascariensis is considered a serious invader in Hawaii at 900–1200 m, where it sets abundant fruits (Hawaii Invasive Species Council, https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/hisc/info/species/smoke-bush/); this contrasts with the report by A. J. M. Leeuwenberg (1979) that he had observed specimens with fruits only from Crete, Madagascar, and Mauritius.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Buddleja davidii has been designated as a noxious weed in Oregon and Washington; it is a serious invader also in England, New Zealand, and Australia. It can often form dense thickets and produce abundant seeds (N. G. Tallent-Halsell and M. S. Watt 2009).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 17, p. 329. FNA vol. 17, p. 328.
Parent taxa Scrophulariaceae > Buddleja Scrophulariaceae > Buddleja
Sibling taxa
B. davidii, B. indica, B. lindleyana, B. marrubiifolia, B. racemosa, B. saligna, B. scordioides, B. sessiliflora, B. utahensis
B. indica, B. lindleyana, B. madagascariensis, B. marrubiifolia, B. racemosa, B. saligna, B. scordioides, B. sessiliflora, B. utahensis
Synonyms Nicodemia madagascariensis
Name authority Lamarck: in J. Lamarck et al., Encycl. 1: 513. (1785) — (as Budleia) Franchet: Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 10: 65. 1887–1888 — (as Budleia davidi)
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