Bryophyllum daigremontianum |
Bryophyllum |
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devil's backbone, maternity plant |
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Habit | Herbs, monocarpic, purple-mottled, glaucous. | Herbs [shrubs], perennial, (sometimes suckering at base), usually viviparous (with plantlets on leaf margins and inflorescences), 5–80 dm, glabrous [pubescent]. | ||||||||||||||||
Stems | mostly simple, terete, 5–25 dm × 0.5–2 cm. |
mostly erect [scandent], branching or often simple proximal to cyme, often bare by anthesis, succulent. |
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Leaves | opposite, evenly spaced, simple, largest subpeltate; petiole subterete, 1–5 cm; blade purple-blotched abaxially, triangular to lanceolate, 5–25 × 3–12 cm, margins serrate, apex acute, surfaces glaucous; bulbils borne in notches of leaf margins, spurs spoon-shaped. |
persistent, cauline, sometimes subrosulate, mostly opposite, sometimes in whorls of 3, sessile or petiolate, subclasping basally, (narrowed apically); blade obovate or triangular to lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, laminar (B. delagoense subcylindric), 2–50 cm, fleshy, base not spurred, margins entire, lobed, or 1–2 times imparipinnate; veins not conspicuous. |
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Inflorescences | terminal cymes, often paniculate (branches 1–5 times bifurcate with flower in fork). |
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Pedicels | 5–15 mm. |
present. |
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Flowers | calyx green or purplish, not inflated, 6–10 mm, tube 3–4 mm, lobes triangular, 3–7 mm, equaling or longer than tube, apex acute; corolla pink or lavender, 20–30 mm, not contracted basally, lobes obovate, 6–12 mm, apex rounded, apiculate. |
pendulous, 4-merous; sepals connate basally or into tube (calyx often inflated and accrescent in fruit), all alike; petals erect, connate into tube, orange, yellow-green marked with lavender, pale yellow flecked with red, orange-red, scarlet, pink, lavender, yellow-green flecked with violet-red, or greenish white with maroon distally, (corolla throat 2–4 times subglobose tube, often constricted against pistils at base, lobes shorter than throat); calyx and corolla not circumscissile in fruit; nectaries semicircular to linear; stamens [mostly] 8; filaments adnate on corolla tube; pistils erect, (often connate basally); ovary base somewhat narrowed, tapering to styles; styles 2–4 times longer than ovary. |
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Fruits | [mostly] erect. |
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Seeds | ellipsoid, ribbed, finely cross-ribbed. |
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Cymes | lax, paniculate, 1.5–3 dm diam.; branches to 15 cm. |
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x | = 17. |
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2n | = 38. |
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Bryophyllum daigremontianum |
Bryophyllum |
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Phenology | Flowering winter. | |||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Waste ground, mesquite-cactus thickets | |||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0 m (0 ft) | |||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
FL; TX; Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar) [Introduced in North America] |
Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar); 1 widespread in the tropics [Introduced in North America] |
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Discussion | Bryophyllum daigremontianum is well established and an aggressive weed in southern Florida and in coastal southern Texas. M. G. Groner (1975) found that exudates of its roots can inhibit the growth of nearby plants, as can extracts of its shoots. The entire plant contains bufadienolides and is toxic to cattle (R. A. McKenzie et al. 1987). The hybrid Bryophyllum daigremontianum × B. delagoense is much like B. daigremontianum but with narrower leaves; some specimens identified as B. daigremontianum may possibly be the hybrid. The hybrid is widely naturalized in Queensland. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Kalanchoë Adanson sect. Bryophyllum (Salisbury) Boiteau & Mannoni Species ca. 30 (5 in the flora). Because of some intermediates, Bryophyllum is often included in Kalanchoë, as by P. Boiteau and L. Allorge-Boiteau (1995). M. Lauzac-Marchal (1974) argued for separation; the case is not clear. Some species of Bryophyllum are widely naturalized in Australia, southern Africa, and elsewhere. The five species and one hybrid that infest over 10,000 hectares in Queensland are highly toxic to livestock, particularly cattle, with bufadienolides that cause cardiac glycoside poisoning (P. I. Forster 1996; R. A. McKenzie and P. J. Dunster 1986; McKenzie et al. 1987). The widespread B. pinnatum is commonly used to treat rheumatism, ulcers, burns, infections, and inflammations, as well as for old-fashioned magic, and has been the subject of many biological and phytochemical studies Some other species have similar uses and have also been studied (S. S. Costa et al. 1995). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 8, p. 159. | FNA vol. 8, p. 158. | ||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Crassulaceae > Bryophyllum | Crassulaceae | ||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Kalanchoë daigremontiana | |||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Raymond-Hamet & H. Perrier) A. Berger: in H. G. A. Engler and K. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 18a: 412. 1930 , | Salisbury: Parad. Lond., plate 3. 1805 , | ||||||||||||||||
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