Bromus diandrus |
Bromus commutatus |
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great brome, ripgut brome, ripgut grass |
hairy brome, hairy chess, meadow brome |
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Habit | Plants annual. | Plants annual. |
Culms | 20-90 cm, erect or decumbent, puberulent below the panicle. |
40-120 cm, erect or ascending. |
Sheaths | softly pilose, hairs often retrorse or spreading; auricles absent; ligules 2-3 mm, glabrous, obtuse, lacerate or erose; blades 3.5-27 cm long, 1-9 mm wide, both surfaces pilose. |
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Panicles | 13-25 cm long, 2-12 cm wide, erect to spreading; branches 1-7 cm, stiffly erect to ascending or spreading, with 1 or 2 spikelets. |
7-16 cm long, 3-6 cm wide, open, erect to ascending; branches sometimes longer than the spikelets, slender, ascending to spreading. |
Spikelets | 25-70 mm, sides parallel or diverging distally, moderately laterally compressed, with 4-11 florets. |
14-18(30) mm, oblong-lanceolate, terete to moderately laterally compressed, not purple-tinged; florets 4-9(11), bases concealed or visible at maturity; rachilla internodes 1.5-2 mm, concealed or visible at maturity. |
Glumes | smooth or scabrous, margins hyaline; lower glumes 15-25 mm, 1-3-veined; upper glumes 20-35 mm, 3-5-veined; lemmas 20-35 mm, linear-lanceolate, scabrous, 7-veined, rounded over the midvein, margins hyaline, apices bifid, acuminate, teeth 3-5 mm; awns 30-65 mm, straight, arising 1.5 mm or more below the lemma apices; anthers 0.5-1 mm. |
usually glabrous, sometimes scabrous or pubescent; lower glumes 5-7 mm, 5-veined; upper glumes 6-9 mm, 7(9)-veined; lemmas 8-11.5 mm long, 1.7-2.6 mm wide, elliptic to lanceolate, coriaceous, backs usually glabrous, distinctly 7(9)-veined, not ribbed, rounded over the midvein, margins scabrous or pubescent, bluntly angled, inrolled or not at maturity, apices acute to obtuse, bifid, teeth shorter than 1 mm; awns 3-10 mm, straight, arising less than 1.5 mm below the lemma apices, awn of the lowest lemma shorter than the others; anthers 0.7-1.7 mm. |
Caryopses | equaling or shorter than the paleas, weakly to strongly inrolled. |
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Lower | sheaths densely hairy, hairs stiff, often retrorse; upper sheaths pubescent or glabrous; ligules 1-2.5 mm, glabrous or pilose, obtuse, ciliolate; blades 9-18 cm long, 2-4 mm wide, pilose on both surfaces. |
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2n | = 42, 56. |
= 14, 28, 56. |
Bromus diandrus |
Bromus commutatus |
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Distribution |
AR; AZ; CA; CO; DC; DE; GA; ID; IL; LA; MA; MD; MO; MT; NC; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OK; OR; SC; TX; UT; VA; WA; HI; BC
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Discussion | Bromus diandrus is native to southern and western Europe. It is now established in North America, where it grows in disturbed ground, waste places, fields, sand dunes, and limestone areas. It occurs from southwestern British Columbia to Baja California, Mexico, and eastward to Montana, Colorado, Texas, and scattered locations in the eastern United States. The common name 'ripgut grass' indicates the effect it has on animals if they consume the sharp, long-awned florets of this species. Bromus diandrus, as treated here, includes B. rigidus Roth. Sales (1993) reduced these two taxa to varietal rank, pointing out that the differences between them in panicle morphology and callus and scar shape are subtle enough that identification of many specimens beyond B. diandrus sensu lato is often impossible. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Bromus commutatus grows in fields, waste places, and road verges. It is native to Europe and the Baltic region; in the Flora region, it is found mainly in the United States and southern Canada. Hildemar Scholz (pers. comm.) recognizes three subspecies of B. commutatus in Europe; no attempt has been made to determine which subspecies are present in the Flora region. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 24, p. 224. | FNA vol. 24, p. 230. |
Parent taxa | Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Bromeae > Bromus > sect. Genea | Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Bromeae > Bromus > sect. Bromus |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | B. rigidus var. gussonei, B. rigidus, Anisantha diandra | B. secalinus subsp. decipiens |
Name authority | Roth | Schrad. |
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