Flora of North America species comparison

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Brodiaea filifolia

Brodiaea

thread-leaf brodiaea

brodiaea, cluster-lily
Habit Herbs, perennial, scapose, from fibrous-coated corms.
Leaves

1–6, basal;

blade linear, crescent-shaped in cross section.
Scape

20–30 cm, slender.

solitary, cylindrical, usually slender, occasionally stout, rigid.
Inflorescences

umbellate, open, bracteate;

bracts scarious, not enclosing flower buds.
Flowers

14–20 mm;

perianth violet-reddish purple, tube narrowly cylindrical, 6–8 mm, transparent, splitting in fruit, lobes widely spreading, 10–14 mm;

filaments 0.5–1 mm, base not triangular, with narrow abaxial wings;

anthers linear, 3–5 mm, apex widely notched;

staminodia inconspicuous, reflexed against perianth, purple, threadlike, 2–4 mm, apex subulate;

ovary 4–5 mm;

style 6–7 mm;

pedicel 1–4 cm.

perianth 6-tepaled, distinctly connate proximally into tube, shiny, abaxial perianth usually bluish purple, tube narrowly campanulate or funnelform, outer 3 lobes narrower than inner 3;

stamens 3, epitepalous, opposite inner perianth lobes, alternating with 3 staminodia (staminodia absent in B. orcuttii) opposite outer perianth lobes;

filaments adnate to perianth tube, linear, base sometimes dilated to form triangular flap, or sometimes with abaxial wings or appendages;

anthers basifixed, appressed to style;

pistil 3-carpellate;

ovary superior, green (purple in B. jolonensis), sessile, 3-locular, ovules several;

style erect;

stigma 3-lobed, lobes distinctly spreading and recurved;

pedicel erect, articulate at base.
Fruits

capsular, ovoid, dehiscence loculicidal.
Seeds

black, rounded to flattened, coat with crust with longitudinal surface striations.
x

= 6, 8, 12, 16, 18, 20, or 24.
2n

= 24.

Brodiaea filifolia

Brodiaea
Phenology Flowering spring (Apr–May).
Habitat Grasslands, vernal pools
Elevation 0–300 m (0–1000 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
w North America including Mexico (Baja California)
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Of conservation concern.

Brodiaea filifolia is endangered. It grows on clay soils at the edges of vernal pools and flood plains in southern California. It has been extirpated from Los Angeles and San Bernadino counties and is seriously threatened by development, vehicles, and agriculture in Riverside and San Diego counties. It is in cultivation.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species 14 (14 in the flora).

Two schools of thought have existed regarding generic limits within the complex of species recognized under Brodiaea, Triteleia, and Dichelostemma: a single large genus (Brodiaea s.l.) with three subgenera (S. Watson 1879; W. L. Jepson 1923–1925; P. A. Munz 1959), or three separate genera (E. L. Greene 1886; R. F. Hoover 1939; G. Keator 1967, 1989, 1993; T. F. Niehaus 1971, 1980). Recent molecular, anatomical, and developmental evidence supports neither of these views. Bloomeria is related to Triteleia, and Brodiaea is closely related to Dichelostemma, with the only hexandrous species, D. capitatum, being sister to the rest of the three-staminate Brodiaea/Dichelostemma clade (R. Y. Berg 1978, 1996; J. C. Pires 2000). This recent evidence also suggests that the sections presently established within Brodiaea are in need of revision; thus a sectional classification is not utilized in this treatment (R. F. Hoover 1939b; T. F. Niehaus 1971; J. C. Pires 2000).

Polyploidy and ecological specialization to serpentine and other unique substrates is common in Brodiaea, resulting in several rare and endangered species. Eleven of the fourteen species are restricted to California, where the flowering date is highly dependent on the amount of moisture in the early spring. Several species are exceedingly variable. Corms of some species were eaten by native Americans.

Among the most important diagnostic characters within Brodiaea are features of the androecium, particularly the size and shape of the staminodia and apical filament appendages. These characters are easily seen with a hand lens in the field. When collecting flowering specimens, one should make a point of mounting a few dissected flowers in a manner that displays these critical characters.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Staminode apex subulate or cuspidate, or staminodia absent.
→ 2
1. Staminode apex rounded or notched (2-lobed in B. insignis).
→ 4
2. Staminodia absent.
B. orcuttii
2. Staminodia present.
→ 3
3. Staminode apex subulate; perianth tube splitting in fruit.
B. filifolia
3. Staminode apex cuspidate; perianth tube not splitting in fruit.
B. kinkiensis
4. Flowers 24–38 mm.
→ 5
4. Flowers 14–24(–33) mm.
→ 8
5. Staminodia narrowly linear, margins 1/4–1/2 involute; perianth tube splitting in fruit.
→ 6
5. Staminodia broad, margins mostly involute or planate; perianth tube not splitting in fruit.
→ 7
6. Filaments with 2 threadlike appendages at base; perianth lobes usually less than twice length of perianth tube; anthers obcordate, 3–6 mm.
B. appendiculata
6. Filaments without appendages at base, or appendages rudimentary; perianth lobes usually more than twice length of perianth tube; anthers linear, 9–12 mm.
B. californica
7. Perianth tube ovoid to narrowly campanulate; staminodia curving inward toward stamens overall but curving outward at apex, margins 3/4 involute.
B. coronaria
7. Perianth tube funnelform; staminodia erect or recurved distally, distant from stamens, margins planate or 1/4 involute.
B. elegans
8. Staminodia leaning inward, margins 1/4 involute, apex broad, hooded; perianth tube cylindrical or campanulate.
→ 9
8. Staminodia erect, margins 1/2–3/4 involute (1/4 involute in B. stellaris), apex notched (2-lobed in B. insignis); perianth tube usually urceolate, sometimes campanulate or narrowly cylindrical.
→ 10
9. Scape 0.5–20 cm; ovary green.
B. terrestris
9. Scape 6–15 cm; ovary light purple.
B. jolonensis
10. Filaments with 2 conspicuous, broad, white, abaxial appendages appearing as wings behind anthers.
B. stellaris
10. Filaments lacking broad white appendages, or appendages narrow and inconspicuous.
→ 11
11. Perianth tube not constricted above ovary; staminodia margins 3/4 involute.
B. insignis
11. Perianth tube slightly to strongly constricted above ovary, staminodia margins 1/2–3/4 involute.
→ 12
12. Anthers obcordate.
B. pallida
12. Anthers linear.
→ 13
13. Scape 2–10 cm; inner perianth lobes 5–7 mm wide; style 5–6 mm.
B. minor
13. Scape 10–25 cm; inner perianth lobes 4–5 mm wide; style 7–9 mm.
B. purdyi
Source FNA vol. 26, p. 325. FNA vol. 26, p. 321. Author: J. Chris Pires.
Parent taxa Liliaceae > Brodiaea Liliaceae
Sibling taxa
B. appendiculata, B. californica, B. coronaria, B. elegans, B. insignis, B. jolonensis, B. kinkiensis, B. minor, B. orcuttii, B. pallida, B. purdyi, B. stellaris, B. terrestris
Subordinate taxa
B. appendiculata, B. californica, B. coronaria, B. elegans, B. filifolia, B. insignis, B. jolonensis, B. kinkiensis, B. minor, B. orcuttii, B. pallida, B. purdyi, B. stellaris, B. terrestris
Synonyms Hookera filifolia Hookera
Name authority S. Watson: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 17: 381. (1882) Smith: Trans. Linn. Soc. London 10: 2. (1811)
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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