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African mustard, Asian mustard, mustard, sahara mustard

brown mustard, Chinese, Chinese mustard, Chinese or brown or Indian or leaf mustard, India mustard, Indian, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, mustard-greens

Habit Annuals; densely hirsute proximally, glabrescent distally. Annuals; (± glaucous), ± glabrous.
Stems

usually branched basally, (widely) branched distally, (1–)3–7(–10) dm.

branched distally, 2–10 dm.

Basal leaves

(rosettes persistent);

petiole (broad) 2–10 cm;

blade lyrate to pinnatisect, 2–30 cm × 10–50(–100) mm, (margins serrate-dentate), 4–10 lobes each side.

(early deciduous);

petiole (1–)2–8(–15) cm;

blade pinnatifid to pinnately lobed, (4–)6–30(–80) cm × 15–150(–280) mm, lobes 1–3 each side.

Cauline leaves

sessile;

blade (reduced in size distally, distalmost bractlike), base tapered, not auriculate or amplexicaul.

usually shortly petiolate, rarely sessile;

blade (oblong or lanceolate, reduced in size distally), base tapered or cuneate, not auriculate or amplexicaul, (margins dentate to lobed).

Racemes

not paniculately branched.

not paniculately branched.

Flowers

sepals 5–4.5 × 1–1.5 mm;

petals pale yellow, fading or, sometimes, white, oblanceolate, 4–7 × 1.5–2(–2.5) mm, claw 1–3 mm, apex rounded;

filaments 2.5–4 mm;

anthers 1–1.3 mm;

gynophore to 1 mm.

sepals (3.5–)4–6(–7) × 1–1.7 mm;

petals pale yellow, ovate to obovate, (7–)9–13 × 5–7.5 mm, claw 3–6 mm, apex rounded or emarginate;

filaments 4–7 mm;

anthers 1.5–2 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

widely spreading, 8–15 mm.

spreading to divaricately ascending, (slender), (5–)10–15(–20) mm.

Fruits

(shortly stipitate); widely spreading to ascending (not appressed to rachis), torulose, cylindric, 3–7 cm × 2–4(–5) mm;

valvular segment with 6–12(–15) seeds per locule, 2.2–5 cm, terminal segment 1(–3)-seeded, (cylindric, stout), 10–20 mm.

(sessile); spreading to divaricately ascending to nearly erect (not appressed to rachis), torulose, subcylindrical or somewhat flattened, (2–)3–5(–6) cm × 2–5 mm;

valvular segment with 6–15(–20) seeds per locule, (1.5–)2–4.5 cm, terminal segment seedless (conic), (4–)5–10(–15) mm, (tapering to slender style).

Seeds

light reddish brown or black, 1–1.2 mm diam.;

seed coat prominently reticulate, mucilaginous when wetted.

brown or yellow, 1.2–2 mm diam.;

seed coat finely reticulate-alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted.

2n

= 20.

= 36.

Brassica tournefortii

Brassica juncea

Phenology Flowering Feb–Apr. Flowering May–Sep.
Habitat Roadsides, waste places, old fields, washes, open desert areas intermixed with desert shrubs Roadsides, disturbed areas, waste places, cultivated and abandoned fields, garden escape from cultivation
Elevation 0-800 m (0-2600 ft) 0-3000 m (0-9800 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; NV; TX; UT; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in nw Mexico, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Brassica tournefortii was first reported from California (Imperial, Riverside, and western San Bernardino counties) by W. L. Jepson ([1923–1925]), with the first collections appearing from southern California in 1941 (R. C. Rollins and I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1986), Arizona in 1959 (T. H. Kearney and R. H. Peebles 1960), Nevada in 1977, and Texas in 1978 (D. E. Lemke and R. D. Worthington 1991).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Brassica juncea is cultivated in North America primarily as a vegetable and condiment, and is currently being developed as an oilseed crop in western Canada. Its greatest diversity of forms occurs in Asia, where the species is widely cultivated as a vegetable and as an oilseed crop (I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1985). Two main variants are distinguished on the basis of seed color: oriental mustard is yellow-seeded, and brown or Indian mustard is brown-seeded. The species is an allotetraploid derived from hybridization between B. nigra (n = 8) and B. rapa (n = 10). Its center of origin is uncertain but is most likely the Middle East, with possibly independent multiple origins within overlapping ranges of the putative parental taxa (S. I. Warwick and A. Francis 1994). Specimens from Delaware, District of Columbia, and Mississippi have not been observed, but are still listed here.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 424. FNA vol. 7, p. 421.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Brassiceae > Brassica Brassicaceae > tribe Brassiceae > Brassica
Sibling taxa
B. elongata, B. fruticulosa, B. juncea, B. napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. rapa
B. elongata, B. fruticulosa, B. napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. rapa, B. tournefortii
Synonyms Sinapis juncea, B. japonica, B. juncea var. crispifolia, B. juncea var. japonica
Name authority Gouan: Ill. Observ. Bot., 44, plate 20A. (1773) (Linnaeus) Czernajew: Consp. Pl. Charcov., 8. (1859)
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