Brassica tournefortii |
Brassica juncea |
|
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African mustard, Asian mustard, mustard, sahara mustard |
brown mustard, Chinese, Chinese mustard, Chinese or brown or Indian or leaf mustard, India mustard, Indian, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, mustard-greens |
|
Habit | Annuals; densely hirsute proximally, glabrescent distally. | Annuals; (± glaucous), ± glabrous. |
Stems | usually branched basally, (widely) branched distally, (1–)3–7(–10) dm. |
branched distally, 2–10 dm. |
Basal leaves | (rosettes persistent); petiole (broad) 2–10 cm; blade lyrate to pinnatisect, 2–30 cm × 10–50(–100) mm, (margins serrate-dentate), 4–10 lobes each side. |
(early deciduous); petiole (1–)2–8(–15) cm; blade pinnatifid to pinnately lobed, (4–)6–30(–80) cm × 15–150(–280) mm, lobes 1–3 each side. |
Cauline leaves | sessile; blade (reduced in size distally, distalmost bractlike), base tapered, not auriculate or amplexicaul. |
usually shortly petiolate, rarely sessile; blade (oblong or lanceolate, reduced in size distally), base tapered or cuneate, not auriculate or amplexicaul, (margins dentate to lobed). |
Racemes | not paniculately branched. |
not paniculately branched. |
Flowers | sepals 5–4.5 × 1–1.5 mm; petals pale yellow, fading or, sometimes, white, oblanceolate, 4–7 × 1.5–2(–2.5) mm, claw 1–3 mm, apex rounded; filaments 2.5–4 mm; anthers 1–1.3 mm; gynophore to 1 mm. |
sepals (3.5–)4–6(–7) × 1–1.7 mm; petals pale yellow, ovate to obovate, (7–)9–13 × 5–7.5 mm, claw 3–6 mm, apex rounded or emarginate; filaments 4–7 mm; anthers 1.5–2 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | widely spreading, 8–15 mm. |
spreading to divaricately ascending, (slender), (5–)10–15(–20) mm. |
Fruits | (shortly stipitate); widely spreading to ascending (not appressed to rachis), torulose, cylindric, 3–7 cm × 2–4(–5) mm; valvular segment with 6–12(–15) seeds per locule, 2.2–5 cm, terminal segment 1(–3)-seeded, (cylindric, stout), 10–20 mm. |
(sessile); spreading to divaricately ascending to nearly erect (not appressed to rachis), torulose, subcylindrical or somewhat flattened, (2–)3–5(–6) cm × 2–5 mm; valvular segment with 6–15(–20) seeds per locule, (1.5–)2–4.5 cm, terminal segment seedless (conic), (4–)5–10(–15) mm, (tapering to slender style). |
Seeds | light reddish brown or black, 1–1.2 mm diam.; seed coat prominently reticulate, mucilaginous when wetted. |
brown or yellow, 1.2–2 mm diam.; seed coat finely reticulate-alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted. |
2n | = 20. |
= 36. |
Brassica tournefortii |
Brassica juncea |
|
Phenology | Flowering Feb–Apr. | Flowering May–Sep. |
Habitat | Roadsides, waste places, old fields, washes, open desert areas intermixed with desert shrubs | Roadsides, disturbed areas, waste places, cultivated and abandoned fields, garden escape from cultivation |
Elevation | 0-800 m (0-2600 ft) | 0-3000 m (0-9800 ft) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; NV; TX; UT; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in nw Mexico, Australia]
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AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Australia]
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Discussion | Brassica tournefortii was first reported from California (Imperial, Riverside, and western San Bernardino counties) by W. L. Jepson ([1923–1925]), with the first collections appearing from southern California in 1941 (R. C. Rollins and I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1986), Arizona in 1959 (T. H. Kearney and R. H. Peebles 1960), Nevada in 1977, and Texas in 1978 (D. E. Lemke and R. D. Worthington 1991). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Brassica juncea is cultivated in North America primarily as a vegetable and condiment, and is currently being developed as an oilseed crop in western Canada. Its greatest diversity of forms occurs in Asia, where the species is widely cultivated as a vegetable and as an oilseed crop (I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1985). Two main variants are distinguished on the basis of seed color: oriental mustard is yellow-seeded, and brown or Indian mustard is brown-seeded. The species is an allotetraploid derived from hybridization between B. nigra (n = 8) and B. rapa (n = 10). Its center of origin is uncertain but is most likely the Middle East, with possibly independent multiple origins within overlapping ranges of the putative parental taxa (S. I. Warwick and A. Francis 1994). Specimens from Delaware, District of Columbia, and Mississippi have not been observed, but are still listed here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 424. | FNA vol. 7, p. 421. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Brassiceae > Brassica | Brassicaceae > tribe Brassiceae > Brassica |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Sinapis juncea, B. japonica, B. juncea var. crispifolia, B. juncea var. japonica | |
Name authority | Gouan: Ill. Observ. Bot., 44, plate 20A. (1773) | (Linnaeus) Czernajew: Consp. Pl. Charcov., 8. (1859) |
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