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bird's rape, bird-rape, canola, common mustard, field-mustard, rape, rapeseed, turnip, turnip-rape, wild-rape, wild-turnip

black mustard

Habit Annuals or biennials; (roots fleshy or slender); (green to slightly glaucous), glabrous or sparsely hairy. Annuals; sparsely to densely hirsute-hispid (at least basally, proximally rarely subglabrate).
Stems

unbranched or branched distally, 3–10 dm.

usually branched distally, (widely spreading), 3–20 dm.

Basal leaves

petiole (winged), (1–)2–10(–17) cm;

blade ± lyrate-pinnatifid to pinnate to pinnatisect, (5–)10–40(–60) cm × 30–100(–200) mm, (margins sinuate-dentate, sometimes ciliate), lobes 2–4(–6) each side, (terminal lobe oblong-obovate, obtuse, large, blade surfaces usually setose).

petiole to 10 cm;

blade lyrate-pinnatifid to sinuate-lobed, 6–30 cm × 10–100 mm, lobes 1–3 each side, (smaller than terminal, terminal lobe ovate, obtuse).

Cauline leaves

(middle and distal) sessile;

base auriculate to amplexicaul, (margins subentire).

sessile or subsessile;

blade (ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, similar to basal, reduced distally and less divided), base tapered, not auriculate or amplexicaul, (margins entire to sinuate-serrate).

Racemes

not paniculately branched, (with open flowers overtopping or equal to buds).

not paniculately branched.

Flowers

sepals (3–)4–6.5(–8) × 1.5–2 mm;

petals deep yellow to yellow, obovate, 6–11(–13) × (2.5–)3–6(–7) mm, claw 3–7 mm, apex rounded;

filaments 4–6(–7) mm;

anthers 1.5–2 mm.

sepals 4–6(–7) × 1–1.5 mm;

petals yellow, ovate, 7–11(–13) × (2.5–)3–4.5(–5.5) mm, claw 3–6 mm, apex rounded;

filaments 3.5–5 mm;

anthers 1–1.5 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending to spreading, (5–)10–25(–30) mm.

erect (straight), (2–)3–5(–6) mm.

Fruits

ascending to somewhat spreading, torulose, terete, (2–)3–8(–11) cm × 2–4(–5) mm;

valvular segment with 8–15 seeds per locule, (1.3–)2–5(–7.5) cm, terminal segment seedless, 8–22 mm.

erect-ascending (± appressed to rachis), smooth, ± 4-angled, 1–2.5(–2.7) cm × (1.5–)2–3(–4) mm;

valvular segment 2–5(–8)-seeded per locule, (0.4–)0.8–2(–2.5) cm, terminal segment seedless (linear, narrow), (1–)2–5(–6) mm.

Seeds

black, brown, or reddish, 1.1–2 mm diam.;

seed coat very finely reticulate-lightly alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted.

brown to black, 1.2–1.5(–2) mm diam.;

seed coat coarsely reticulate, minutely alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted.

2n

= 20.

= 16.

Brassica rapa

Brassica nigra

Phenology Flowering Apr–Sep. Flowering Apr–Sep.
Habitat Roadsides, disturbed areas and waste places, cultivated fields, grain fields, orchards, gardens Roadsides, disturbed areas, waste places, fields, orchards
Elevation 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft) 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Atlantic Islands, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, Central America, South America, Atlantic Islands, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Brassica rapa is widely cultivated as an oil crop and vegetable, and cultivars, especially in Asia, have been recognized as species, subspecies, and varieties. The most important crops include: rapeseed or canola, turnip (subsp. rapa), Chinese mustard or pakchoi [subsp. chinensis (Linnaeus) Hanelt], and Chinese cabbage or petsai [subsp. pekinensis (Loureiro) Hanelt]. The species is also a widespread naturalized weed [subsp. sylvestris (Linnaeus) Janchen] throughout temperate North America and elsewhere. It is self-incompatible. Hybridization in the field in Europe has been described between B. napus and B. rapa (R. B. Jørgensen and B. Andersen 1994).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Brassica nigra is widely cultivated as a condiment mustard. It is also a cosmopolitan weed especially common in the valleys of California (R. C. Rollins 1993). It occurs only sporadically in southern Canada but most frequently in Ontario and along the St. Lawrence River. Specimens from Alberta, Arkansas, Delaware, and South Carolina have not been observed.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 423. FNA vol. 7, p. 422.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Brassiceae > Brassica Brassicaceae > tribe Brassiceae > Brassica
Sibling taxa
B. elongata, B. fruticulosa, B. juncea, B. napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. tournefortii
B. elongata, B. fruticulosa, B. juncea, B. napus, B. oleracea, B. rapa, B. tournefortii
Synonyms B. campestris, B. campestris var. oleifera, B. chinensis, B. pekinensis, B. rapa subsp. chinensis, B. rapa subsp. pekinensis, Sinapis pekinensis Sinapis nigra
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 666. (1753) (Linnaeus) W. D. J. Koch: in J. C. Röhling, Deutschl. Fl. ed. 3, 4: 713. (1833)
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