Brassica rapa |
Brassica nigra |
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bird's rape, bird-rape, canola, common mustard, field-mustard, rape, rapeseed, turnip, turnip-rape, wild-rape, wild-turnip |
black mustard |
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Habit | Annuals or biennials; (roots fleshy or slender); (green to slightly glaucous), glabrous or sparsely hairy. | Annuals; sparsely to densely hirsute-hispid (at least basally, proximally rarely subglabrate). |
Stems | unbranched or branched distally, 3–10 dm. |
usually branched distally, (widely spreading), 3–20 dm. |
Basal leaves | petiole (winged), (1–)2–10(–17) cm; blade ± lyrate-pinnatifid to pinnate to pinnatisect, (5–)10–40(–60) cm × 30–100(–200) mm, (margins sinuate-dentate, sometimes ciliate), lobes 2–4(–6) each side, (terminal lobe oblong-obovate, obtuse, large, blade surfaces usually setose). |
petiole to 10 cm; blade lyrate-pinnatifid to sinuate-lobed, 6–30 cm × 10–100 mm, lobes 1–3 each side, (smaller than terminal, terminal lobe ovate, obtuse). |
Cauline leaves | (middle and distal) sessile; base auriculate to amplexicaul, (margins subentire). |
sessile or subsessile; blade (ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, similar to basal, reduced distally and less divided), base tapered, not auriculate or amplexicaul, (margins entire to sinuate-serrate). |
Racemes | not paniculately branched, (with open flowers overtopping or equal to buds). |
not paniculately branched. |
Flowers | sepals (3–)4–6.5(–8) × 1.5–2 mm; petals deep yellow to yellow, obovate, 6–11(–13) × (2.5–)3–6(–7) mm, claw 3–7 mm, apex rounded; filaments 4–6(–7) mm; anthers 1.5–2 mm. |
sepals 4–6(–7) × 1–1.5 mm; petals yellow, ovate, 7–11(–13) × (2.5–)3–4.5(–5.5) mm, claw 3–6 mm, apex rounded; filaments 3.5–5 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | ascending to spreading, (5–)10–25(–30) mm. |
erect (straight), (2–)3–5(–6) mm. |
Fruits | ascending to somewhat spreading, torulose, terete, (2–)3–8(–11) cm × 2–4(–5) mm; valvular segment with 8–15 seeds per locule, (1.3–)2–5(–7.5) cm, terminal segment seedless, 8–22 mm. |
erect-ascending (± appressed to rachis), smooth, ± 4-angled, 1–2.5(–2.7) cm × (1.5–)2–3(–4) mm; valvular segment 2–5(–8)-seeded per locule, (0.4–)0.8–2(–2.5) cm, terminal segment seedless (linear, narrow), (1–)2–5(–6) mm. |
Seeds | black, brown, or reddish, 1.1–2 mm diam.; seed coat very finely reticulate-lightly alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted. |
brown to black, 1.2–1.5(–2) mm diam.; seed coat coarsely reticulate, minutely alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted. |
2n | = 20. |
= 16. |
Brassica rapa |
Brassica nigra |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Sep. | Flowering Apr–Sep. |
Habitat | Roadsides, disturbed areas and waste places, cultivated fields, grain fields, orchards, gardens | Roadsides, disturbed areas, waste places, fields, orchards |
Elevation | 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft) | 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Atlantic Islands, Australia]
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AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, Central America, South America, Atlantic Islands, Australia]
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Discussion | Brassica rapa is widely cultivated as an oil crop and vegetable, and cultivars, especially in Asia, have been recognized as species, subspecies, and varieties. The most important crops include: rapeseed or canola, turnip (subsp. rapa), Chinese mustard or pakchoi [subsp. chinensis (Linnaeus) Hanelt], and Chinese cabbage or petsai [subsp. pekinensis (Loureiro) Hanelt]. The species is also a widespread naturalized weed [subsp. sylvestris (Linnaeus) Janchen] throughout temperate North America and elsewhere. It is self-incompatible. Hybridization in the field in Europe has been described between B. napus and B. rapa (R. B. Jørgensen and B. Andersen 1994). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Brassica nigra is widely cultivated as a condiment mustard. It is also a cosmopolitan weed especially common in the valleys of California (R. C. Rollins 1993). It occurs only sporadically in southern Canada but most frequently in Ontario and along the St. Lawrence River. Specimens from Alberta, Arkansas, Delaware, and South Carolina have not been observed. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 423. | FNA vol. 7, p. 422. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Brassiceae > Brassica | Brassicaceae > tribe Brassiceae > Brassica |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | B. campestris, B. campestris var. oleifera, B. chinensis, B. pekinensis, B. rapa subsp. chinensis, B. rapa subsp. pekinensis, Sinapis pekinensis | Sinapis nigra |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 666. (1753) | (Linnaeus) W. D. J. Koch: in J. C. Röhling, Deutschl. Fl. ed. 3, 4: 713. (1833) |
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