Brassica
Brassica juncea
cabbage, cole, mustard, turnip
brown mustard, Chinese, Chinese mustard, Chinese or brown or Indian or leaf mustard, India mustard, Indian, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, mustard-greens
erect, unbranched or branched distally.
branched distally, 2–10 dm.
basal and cauline;
petiolate or sessile;
basal (persistent in B. tournefortii), rosulate or not, petiolate, blade margins entire, dentate, or lyrate-pinnatifid;
cauline petiolate or sessile, blade (base sometimes auriculate or amplexicaul), margins entire, dentate, lobed, or sinuate-serrate.
(early deciduous);
petiole (1–)2–8(–15) cm;
blade pinnatifid to pinnately lobed, (4–)6–30(–80) cm × 15–150(–280) mm, lobes 1–3 each side.
usually shortly petiolate, rarely sessile;
blade (oblong or lanceolate, reduced in size distally), base tapered or cuneate, not auriculate or amplexicaul, (margins dentate to lobed).
(corymbose), considerably elongated in fruit.
not paniculately branched.
sepals usually erect or ascending, rarely spreading, oblong [ovate], lateral pair usually saccate basally;
petals yellow to orange-yellow [rarely white], obovate, ovate, elliptic, or oblanceolate, claw often differentiated from blade, (sometimes attenuate basally, apex rounded or emarginate);
stamens tetradynamous;
filaments slender;
anthers oblong or ovate, (apex obtuse);
nectar glands confluent or not, median glands present.
sepals (3.5–)4–6(–7) × 1–1.7 mm;
petals pale yellow, ovate to obovate, (7–)9–13 × 5–7.5 mm, claw 3–6 mm, apex rounded or emarginate;
filaments 4–7 mm;
anthers 1.5–2 mm.
erect, spreading, ascending or divaricately-ascending, often slender.
spreading to divaricately ascending, (slender), (5–)10–15(–20) mm.
siliques, dehiscent, sessile or stipitate, segments 2, linear, torulose or smooth, terete, 4-angled, or latiseptate; (terminal segment seedless or 1–3-seeded, usually filiform or conic, rarely cylindrical);
valves each prominently 1-veined, glabrous;
replum rounded;
septum complete;
ovules [4–]10–50 per ovary;
stigma entire or 2-lobed.
(sessile); spreading to divaricately ascending to nearly erect (not appressed to rachis), torulose, subcylindrical or somewhat flattened, (2–)3–5(–6) cm × 2–5 mm;
valvular segment with 6–15(–20) seeds per locule, (1.5–)2–4.5 cm, terminal segment seedless (conic), (4–)5–10(–15) mm, (tapering to slender style).
uniseriate, plump, not winged, globose;
seed coat (reticulate or reticulate-alveolate), mucilaginous or not when wetted;
cotyledons conduplicate.
brown or yellow, 1.2–2 mm diam.;
seed coat finely reticulate-alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted.
= 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
= 36.
Brassica
Brassica juncea
Species 35 (8 in the flora).
Crops of Brassica are the most important economic plants of the family. Probably, the earliest known utilization of mustards dates from Sanskrit records in India to 3000 b.c., but there is archaeological evidence suggesting that cultivation of cabbage in coastal northern Europe was occurring nearly 8000 years ago. Brassica crops include oilseeds, food crops (e.g., B. juncea, Asian vegetables; B. oleracea, cole crops; B. rapa, Chinese cabbages), fodder for animals, and condiments (B. juncea or B. nigra). The latter two species have also been used for medicinal purposes (I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1985). In addition to being noxious weeds, some species of Brassica are harmful or poisonous to humans and livestock (Al-Shehbaz).
Historically, native peoples of North America have used a number of “wild” Brassica species for both food and medicinal purposes (T. Arnason et al. 1981; H. A. Jacobson et al. 1988): Brassica species—young shoots cooked as greens by Iroquois and Malecite Indian tribes; B. nigra—seeds ground and used as snuff to cure head colds by the Meskwaki, and leaves used to relieve toothaches and headaches by the Mohegans; B. napus—bark used to treat colds, cough, grippe, and smallpox by the Micmac, and used for chilblains by the Rappahannock; B. oleracea—used for headaches by the Rappahannock; and B. rapa—used as medicine by the Bois Fort Chippewa.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Brassica juncea is cultivated in North America primarily as a vegetable and condiment, and is currently being developed as an oilseed crop in western Canada. Its greatest diversity of forms occurs in Asia, where the species is widely cultivated as a vegetable and as an oilseed crop (I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1985). Two main variants are distinguished on the basis of seed color: oriental mustard is yellow-seeded, and brown or Indian mustard is brown-seeded. The species is an allotetraploid derived from hybridization between B. nigra (n = 8) and B. rapa (n = 10). Its center of origin is uncertain but is most likely the Middle East, with possibly independent multiple origins within overlapping ranges of the putative parental taxa (S. I. Warwick and A. Francis 1994). Specimens from Delaware, District of Columbia, and Mississippi have not been observed, but are still listed here.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Cauline leaves sessile, blade bases auriculate and/or amplexicaul | → 2 |
1. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile, blade bases tapered, not auriculate or amplexicaul | → 4 |
2. Biennials or perennials; petals (15-)18-25(-30) mm; terminal segments of fruits (3-)4-11 mm. | B. oleracea |
2. Annuals or biennials; petals 6-16 mm; terminal segments of fruits (5-)8-22 mm | → 3 |
3. Flowers usually not overtopping buds, rarely at same level, when open; petals pale yellow, 10-16 mm; terminal segments of fruits (5-)9-16 mm. | B. napus |
3. Flowers overtopping or equaling buds when open; petals deep yellow, 6-11(-13) mm; terminal segments of fruits 8-22 mm. | B. rapa |
4. Fruits and pedicels erect, ± appressed to rachises; fruits 10-25(-27) mm, not torulose; fruiting pedicels (2-)3-5(-6) mm. | B. nigra |
4. Fruits and pedicels spreading to ascending, not appressed to rachises; fruits often 2 cm+, torulose; fruiting pedicels (6-)8-20 mm | → 5 |
5. Fruits stipitate, gynophores 1.5-4(-5) mm, terminal segments 0.5-2.5(-3) mm; basal leaf blade margins entire or dentate. | B. elongata |
5. Fruits sessile or stipitate, gynophores to 1 mm, terminal segments (4-)5-20 mm; basal leaf blade margins lyrate to pinnatisect, or pinnatifid to pinnately lobed | → 6 |
6. Basal leaves persistent, blades with 4-10 lobes each side, surfaces hirsute; petals 4-7 × 1.5-2(-2.5) mm. | B. tournefortii |
6. Basal leaves deciduous, blades with 1-3 (or 4) lobes each side, surfaces glabrous or nearly so; petals (7-)9-13 × 3-7.5 mm | → 7 |
7. Fruits stipitate (gynophore 1-1.5 mm), 1.5-3 cm × 1.5-2 mm, terminal segment 3-6 mm. | B. fruticulosa |
7. Fruits sessile, (2-)3-5(-6) cm × 2-5 mm, terminal segment (4-)5-10 (-15) mm. | B. juncea |
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