Boerhavia erecta |
Boerhavia ciliata |
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erect boerhavia, erect spiderling |
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Habit | Herbs, annual [slightly woody at base]; taproot tapered, soft or ± woody. | Herbs, perennial, slightly woody at base; taproot long, ropelike, ± woody. |
Stems | usually erect, sometimes decumbent, profusely branched primarily distally, 2–12 dm, minutely puberulent with bent hairs basally, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely puberulent distally. |
decumbent to ascending, sparingly branched throughout, 2–7 dm, with minute, crinkled hairs and spreading long hairs, sometimes also glandular basally, glabrous distally. |
Leaves | mostly in basal 1/2 of plant; larger leaves with petiole 6–40(–55) mm, blade broadly rhombic-ovate, triangular-ovate, ovate, oval, or lanceolate, 20–50(–80) × 10–45 mm (distal leaves smaller, proportionately narrower), adaxial surface usually glabrous, sometimes minutely puberulent, usually minutely punctate, abaxial surface slightly paler than adaxial, usually glabrous, sometimes minutely puberulent, usually punctate with small patches of small brown cells, base obtuse to round, margins entire or sinuate, apex usually acute, less often obtuse or rounded. |
mostly in basal 1/2 of plant; larger leaves with petiole 2–24 mm, blade ovate to orbiculate, occasionally wider than long, 10–25 × 6–22 mm (distal leaves smaller, proportionately narrower), adaxial surface glabrate to sparsely pilose, especially on veins, abaxial surface much paler than adaxial, glabrous or moderately pilose, especially on veins, neither surface punctate, base round to cordate, margins entire or sinuate, apex obtuse to round. |
Inflorescences | terminal, forked ca. 4–6 times ± evenly, diffuse, usually with sticky internodal bands; branches strongly ascending, terminating in irregular umbellate or subracemose clusters of flowers, not all pedicels attaching at same point (flowers occasionally borne singly). |
axillary or terminal, forked ca. 2–4 times unequally, open, without sticky internodal bands; branches ascending-divergent, terminating in loose, 1–3-flowered, cymose clusters. |
Flowers | pedicel (0–)0.3–2.5(–5) mm; bracts at base of perianth deciduous, usually 2, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 0.5–1 mm, apex often acuminate; perianth whitish, usually tinged with pink or purple [bright pink] between lobes and in tube, campanulate beyond constriction, 1–1.5 mm; stamens 2–4, slightly exserted. |
pedicel 1–6 mm; bracts at base of perianth persistent, usually 3, linear to lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm; perianth pale pink to pink, occasionally purple-red, widely funnelform distal to constriction, 2.5–3 mm; stamens 3–5, well exserted. |
Fruits | 1–11 per cluster, pale greenish to straw colored or tan, narrowly obconic, (2.7–)3–3.5[–4] × 1.2–1.5 mm (l/w: (2–)2.3–3.2), apex truncate or broadly low conic, glabrous; ribs 5, acute, slightly rugose adjacent to sulci; sulci 0.5–1 times as wide as base of ribs, slightly to prominently coarsely transverse rugose, not papillate. |
borne singly (2–3 in open clusters), gray-brown, oblong-clavate, 2.8–3.2 × 1.3 mm (l/w: 2.3–2.7), apex broadly conic to round, glabrous; ribs 5, round or very bluntly angled, smooth or rugose near sulci, edges sharp and slightly overhanging sulcus; sulci to 1/2 times as wide as base of ribs, not rugose, minutely papillate. |
2n | = ca. 52. |
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Boerhavia erecta |
Boerhavia ciliata |
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Phenology | Flowering early summer-mid fall. | Flowering late spring-mid fall. |
Habitat | Disturbed areas, gardens, road and railroad rights-of-way, stream beds | Open limestone and caliche in brush, arid grasslands |
Elevation | 0-1700 m [probably much higher in tropics] (0-5600 ft [probably much higher in tropics]) | 0-100[-2000] m (0-300[-6600] ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; FL; GA; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NM; OK; SC; TN; TX; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies [Widely introduced throughout the tropics and warm-temperate regions]
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TX; Mexico (San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas) |
Discussion | Boerhavia erecta occasionally forms mixed populations with B. intermedia without apparent intergradation. Rarely, some specimens seem to combine features of either species, particularly with regard to inflorescence structure. This is especially so in Sonora, Mexico, and in parts of the Sonoran Desert in Arizona. The two species bloom simultaneously and are visited by small insects. Given the presumed close relationship and weedy habitats of each, hybridization seems possible. Usually, the two species can be distinguished by the differences in fruit length, the appearance of a crownlike apex of the nearly mature fruits of B. erecta (apex of ridges slightly expanded, apex of fruit slightly conic), and the more precisely constructed terminal umbels of B. intermedia. Both species, particularly B. intermedia, may produce entire inflorescences with branches terminating in single flowers. R. E. Woodson Jr. and H. J. Kidd (1961) suggested that B. erecta hybridizes with the perennial B. diffusa. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 4, p. 22. | FNA vol. 4, p. 22. |
Parent taxa | Nyctaginaceae > Boerhavia | Nyctaginaceae > Boerhavia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | B. mathisiana | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 3. (1753) | Brandegee: Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 270. (1912) |
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