Bistorta vivipara |
Bistorta officinalis |
|
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alpine bistort, serpent-grass, viviparous bistort |
European bistort, meadow bistort |
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Habit | Plants (2–)8–30(–45) cm; rhizomes sometimes contorted. | Plants (20–)30–100(–120) cm; rhizomes contorted. |
Stems | 1–2(–3). |
1(–2). |
Leaves | ocrea brown, cylindric, 4–22(–27) mm, margins strongly oblique, glabrous; petiole attached to sheath 6–20(–45) mm, unwinged distally, 5–110(–200) mm; blade linear to lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1–8(–10) × 0.5–1.7(–2.3) cm, base cuneate to rounded or cordate, often asymmetric, margins entire, usually revolute, not wavy, apex obtuse to acute, abaxial face pubescent with whitish or brownish hairs, glaucous, adaxial face glabrous, not glaucous; cauline leaves 2–4, petiolate proximally, sessile distally, gradually reduced distally, blade linear-lanceolate to linear. |
ocrea brown, cylindric, 15–50(–70) mm, margins oblique, glabrous; petiole attached proximally to sheath 10–45(–70) mm, prominently winged distally, 100–260 mm, wing 1–6(–12) cm; blade lanceolate to ovate, 6–15(–21) × 2.5–9(–10) cm, base abruptly contracted, truncate to cuneate, often asymmetric, margins entire or obscurely and irregularly repand, usually wavy, apex acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse, abaxial face glabrous or pubescent with whitish or brownish hairs, glaucous, adaxial face glabrous, not glaucous; cauline leaves 3–6, petiolate proximally, sessile distally, gradually reduced distally, blade triangular-lanceolate to linear. |
Inflorescences | 1, narrowly elongate-cylindric, (15–)20–90 × 4–10 mm, usually bearing pink to brown or purple pyriform bulblets proximally and sterile flowers distally; peduncle 1–5 cm. |
1, short-cylindric to ovoid, 35–65 × 12–20 mm, bulblets absent; peduncle 1–15 cm. |
Pedicels | ascending or spreading, (1–)2–5 mm. |
ascending, 1.5–7 mm. |
Flowers | 1–2 per ocreate fascicle; perianth greenish proximally, usually white or pink distally, rarely red; tepals obovate, 2.1–4 mm, apex obtuse to acute; stamens included or exserted, some or all often poorly developed; anthers reddish to purple. |
1–2 per ocreate fascicle; perianth pink; tepals elliptic to ovate, 3–4 mm, apex obtuse; stamens exserted; anthers pink to purple. |
Achenes | rarely produced, dark brown, 2.2–3.3 × 0.9–1.5 mm, dull, granular. |
brown, 3.3–4.5 × 2.5–3 mm, shiny, smooth. |
2n | = 96, 120. |
= 48. |
Bistorta vivipara |
Bistorta officinalis |
|
Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | Flowering May–Aug. |
Habitat | Moist to wet spruce or mixed woods along shorelines, moist subalpine woods and meadows, alpine meadows, heaths, nutrient-rich sites | Fields, meadows |
Elevation | 0-4000 m (0-13100 ft) | 10-200 m (0-700 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; AZ; CO; ID; ME; MI; MN; MT; NH; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; VT; WA; WY; AB; BC; LB; MB; NB; NT; NU; ON; QC; SK; YT; SPM; Greenland; Europe; Asia
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MA; ME; VT; NF; NS; Europe; Asia [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Bistorta vivipara is highly variable morphologically and cytologically. Robust plants with large leaves, compact spikes, and persistent bulblets have been named subsp. macounii. Abortion of stamens, production of bulblets, and the rarity of fruits suggest that reproduction is largely asexual; fruits and seedlings are produced rarely (N. Söyrinki 1989). B. Jonsell and T. Karlsson (2000+, vol. 1) summarized chromosome numbers that include 2n = 66, ca. 77, ca. 80, 88, 99, ca. 100, 110, 120, and ca. 132. A. E. Porsild and W. J. Cody (1980) reported that indigenous peoples of the circumpolar region eat the starchy, slightly astringent rootstocks raw or cooked, and preserve them in seal oil or by freezing. E. Hultén (1968) reported that the rootstocks taste like almonds. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Chromosome numbers of 2n = 24, 44, 46, 48, and ca. 50 have been reported for Bistorta officinalis (B. Jonsell and T. Karlsson 2000+, vol. 1). A count of 2n = 48 made by Á. Löve and D. Löve (1988) was from a plant from California; it probably was cultivated. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 5, p. 595. | FNA vol. 5, p. 596. |
Parent taxa | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Bistorta | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Bistorta |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Polygonum viviparum, B. vivipara subsp. macounii, Persicaria vivipara, Polygonum viviparum var. macounii | Polygonum bistorta, B. major, Persicaria bistorta |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Delarbre: Fl. Auvergne ed. 2, 2: 516. (1800) | Delarbre: Fl. Auvergne ed. 2, 2: 516. (1800) |
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