Bistorta vivipara |
Bistorta bistortoides |
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alpine bistort, serpent-grass, viviparous bistort |
American bistort, smokeweed, western bistort |
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Habit | Plants (2–)8–30(–45) cm; rhizomes sometimes contorted. | Plants (10–)20–70(–75) cm; rhizomes contorted. |
Stems | 1–2(–3). |
1–3. |
Leaves | ocrea brown, cylindric, 4–22(–27) mm, margins strongly oblique, glabrous; petiole attached to sheath 6–20(–45) mm, unwinged distally, 5–110(–200) mm; blade linear to lanceolate or oblong-ovate, 1–8(–10) × 0.5–1.7(–2.3) cm, base cuneate to rounded or cordate, often asymmetric, margins entire, usually revolute, not wavy, apex obtuse to acute, abaxial face pubescent with whitish or brownish hairs, glaucous, adaxial face glabrous, not glaucous; cauline leaves 2–4, petiolate proximally, sessile distally, gradually reduced distally, blade linear-lanceolate to linear. |
ocrea brown, cylindric, 9–25(–32) mm, margins oblique, glabrous; petiole attached to sheath 10–35(–50) mm, usually wingless, rarely winged distally, (10–)30–70(–110) mm; blade elliptic to oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, (3.5–)5–22 × 0.8–4.8 cm, base tapered to rounded, rarely abruptly truncate or cuneate, often asymmetric, margins entire, sometimes wavy, apex usually acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse, abaxial face glabrous or pubescent with whitish or brownish hairs, glaucous, adaxial face glabrous, not glaucous; cauline leaves 2–6, petiolate proximally, sessile distally, gradually reduced distally, blade elliptic or lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. |
Inflorescences | 1, narrowly elongate-cylindric, (15–)20–90 × 4–10 mm, usually bearing pink to brown or purple pyriform bulblets proximally and sterile flowers distally; peduncle 1–5 cm. |
1(–2), short-cylindric to ovoid, (10–)20–40(–50) × (8–)12–25 mm, bulblets absent; peduncle 1–10 cm. |
Pedicels | ascending or spreading, (1–)2–5 mm. |
ascending or spreading, 2–8(–11) mm. |
Flowers | 1–2 per ocreate fascicle; perianth greenish proximally, usually white or pink distally, rarely red; tepals obovate, 2.1–4 mm, apex obtuse to acute; stamens included or exserted, some or all often poorly developed; anthers reddish to purple. |
1–2 per ocreate fascicle; perianth white or pale pink; tepals oblong, 4–5 mm, apex obtuse to acute; stamens exserted; anthers yellow, elliptic. |
Achenes | rarely produced, dark brown, 2.2–3.3 × 0.9–1.5 mm, dull, granular. |
yellowish brown or olive-brown, 3.2–4.2 × 1.3–2 mm, shiny, smooth. |
2n | = 96, 120. |
= 24. |
Bistorta vivipara |
Bistorta bistortoides |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | Flowering Jul–Sep. |
Habitat | Moist to wet spruce or mixed woods along shorelines, moist subalpine woods and meadows, alpine meadows, heaths, nutrient-rich sites | Streambanks, moist or swampy meadows, alpine slopes |
Elevation | 0-4000 m (0-13100 ft) | 1300-3800 m (4300-12500 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; AZ; CO; ID; ME; MI; MN; MT; NH; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; VT; WA; WY; AB; BC; LB; MB; NB; NT; NU; ON; QC; SK; YT; SPM; Greenland; Europe; Asia
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AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC
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Discussion | Bistorta vivipara is highly variable morphologically and cytologically. Robust plants with large leaves, compact spikes, and persistent bulblets have been named subsp. macounii. Abortion of stamens, production of bulblets, and the rarity of fruits suggest that reproduction is largely asexual; fruits and seedlings are produced rarely (N. Söyrinki 1989). B. Jonsell and T. Karlsson (2000+, vol. 1) summarized chromosome numbers that include 2n = 66, ca. 77, ca. 80, 88, 99, ca. 100, 110, 120, and ca. 132. A. E. Porsild and W. J. Cody (1980) reported that indigenous peoples of the circumpolar region eat the starchy, slightly astringent rootstocks raw or cooked, and preserve them in seal oil or by freezing. E. Hultén (1968) reported that the rootstocks taste like almonds. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Infrequent specimens of Bistorta bistortoides have basal leaf blades that are lance-ovate and abruptly contracted at the bases, and petioles distinctly winged distally, similar to those of B. officinalis. Roots of western bistort were used in soups and stews by the Blackfoot, boiled with meat by the Cherokee, and used in a poultice that was applied to sores and boils by the Miwok (D. E. Moerman 1998). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 5, p. 595. | FNA vol. 5, p. 596. |
Parent taxa | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Bistorta | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Bistorta |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Polygonum viviparum, B. vivipara subsp. macounii, Persicaria vivipara, Polygonum viviparum var. macounii | Polygonum bistortoides, B. bistortoides var. oblongifolia, Persicaria bistortoides, Polygonum bistortoides var. linearifolium, Polygonum bistortoides var. oblongifolium |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Delarbre: Fl. Auvergne ed. 2, 2: 516. (1800) | (Pursh) Small: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33: 57. (1906) |
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