Berberis trifoliolata |
Berberis aquifolium |
|
---|---|---|
agarito, agritos, algerita, currant-of-Texas |
holly-leaf Oregon-grape, mountain grape, Oregon-grape, shining Oregon-grape, tall Oregon-grape |
|
Habit | Shrubs, evergreen, 1-3.5 m. Stems ± dimorphic, with elongate primary and short axillary shoots. | Shrubs, evergreen, 0.3-3(-4.5) m. Stems usually monomorphic, seldom with short axillary shoots. |
Bark | of 2d-year stems gray or grayish purple, glabrous. |
of 2d-year stems gray-brown or purplish, glabrous. |
Leaves | 3-foliolate; petioles 0.8-5.4 cm. |
5-9-foliolate; petioles 1-6 cm. |
Leaflet | blades thick and rigid; surfaces abaxially dull, papillose, adaxially dull, ± glaucous; terminal leaflet sessile, blade 2.3-5.8 × 0.9-2 cm, 1.6-3.1 times as long as wide; lateral leaflet blades narrowly lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 1-veined from base, base acute or acuminate, rarely rounded-acute, margins plane, toothed or lobed, with 1-3 teeth or lobes 3-7 mm high tipped with spines to 1-2 × 0.2-0.3 mm, apex narrowly acute or acuminate. |
blades thin and flexible or rather rigid; surfaces abaxially glossy, smooth, adaxially glossy, green; terminal leaflet stalked, blade 5.1-8.7(-14.5) × 2.4-4.5(-5.5) cm, 1.7-2.5 times as long as wide; lateral leaflet blades lance-ovate to lance-elliptic, 1(-3)-veined from base, base obtuse or truncate, rarely weakly cordate, margins plane or undulate, toothed, each with 5-21 teeth 0-2 mm tipped with spines to 0.8-2.2 × 0.2-0.3 mm, apex acute or sometimes obtuse or rounded. |
Spines | absent. |
absent. |
Inflorescences | racemose, lax, 1-8-flowered, 0.5-3 cm; bracteoles membranous, apex acuminate. |
racemose, dense, 30-60-flowered, 3-9(-11) cm; bracteoles membranous, apex rounded or obtuse, sometimes apiculate. |
Flowers | anther filaments without distal pair of recurved lateral teeth. |
anther filaments with distal pair of recurved lateral teeth. |
Berries | red, sometimes glaucous, spheric, 6-11 mm, juicy, solid. |
blue, glaucous, oblong-ovoid, 6-10 mm, juicy, solid. |
Bud | scales 2-3 mm, deciduous. |
scales 4-8(-14) mm, deciduous. |
2n | = 28, 56. |
|
Berberis trifoliolata |
Berberis aquifolium |
|
Phenology | Flowering winter–spring (Feb–Apr). | Flowering winter–spring (Mar–Jun). |
Habitat | Slopes and flats in grassland, shrubland, and sometimes open woodland | Open woods and shrublands |
Elevation | 0-2000 m (0-6600 ft) | 0-2100 m (0-6900 ft) |
Distribution |
AZ; NM; TX; n Mexico
|
CA; ID; MT; OR; WA; BC
|
Discussion | The illegitimate name Berberis trifoliolata Moricand var. glauca (I. M. Johnston) M. C. Johnston has been used for plants with very strongly glaucous leaves. Weakly and strongly glaucous plants are often found in the same population, however, indicating that they are not distinct varieties. Berberis trifoliolata is susceptible to infection by Puccinia graminis. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Berberis aquifolium is the state flower of Oregon. It is widely used as an ornamental and has been reported as an escape from cultivation in scattered localities across the continent (Ontario, Quebec, central California, Michigan, and Nevada). Berberis aquifolium is resistant to infection by Puccinia graminis. Medicinally, various root preparations of Berberis aquifolium were used by Native Americans for stomach trouble, hemorrhages, and tuberculosis; as a panacea, a tonic, a gargle, and an eye wash; and to purify blood. Leaves and roots were used in steam baths to treat yellow fever; karok was used as a poison; and the tips of stems were used to treat stomach aches (D. E. Moermann 1986). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 3. | FNA vol. 3. |
Parent taxa | Berberidaceae > Berberis | Berberidaceae > Berberis |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Mahonia trifoliolata | Mahonia aquifolium |
Name authority | Moricand: Pl. Nouv. Amér., 113. (1841) | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept., 219. (1814) |
Web links |
|