The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

Japanese barberry

holly-leaf Oregon-grape, mountain grape, Oregon-grape, shining Oregon-grape, tall Oregon-grape

Habit Shrubs, deciduous, 0.3-3 m. Stems dimorphic, with short axillary shoots. Shrubs, evergreen, 0.3-3(-4.5) m. Stems usually monomorphic, seldom with short axillary shoots.
Bark

of 2d-year stems purple or brown, glabrous.

of 2d-year stems gray-brown or purplish, glabrous.

Leaves

blade obovate to spatulate, 1-veined from base, (0.5-)1.2-2.4 × 0.3-1(-1.8) cm, thin and flexible, base long-attenuate, margins plane, entire, apex rounded or obtuse;

surfaces abaxially dull, smooth, adaxially dull, scarcely glaucous.

5-9-foliolate;

petioles 1-6 cm.

Leaflet

blades thin and flexible or rather rigid;

surfaces abaxially glossy, smooth, adaxially glossy, green;

terminal leaflet stalked, blade 5.1-8.7(-14.5) × 2.4-4.5(-5.5) cm, 1.7-2.5 times as long as wide;

lateral leaflet blades lance-ovate to lance-elliptic, 1(-3)-veined from base, base obtuse or truncate, rarely weakly cordate, margins plane or undulate, toothed, each with 5-21 teeth 0-2 mm tipped with spines to 0.8-2.2 × 0.2-0.3 mm, apex acute or sometimes obtuse or rounded.

Spines

present, simple or 3-fid.

absent.

Inflorescences

umbellate, 1-5-flowered, 1-1.5 cm;

bracteoles membranous, apex acute.

racemose, dense, 30-60-flowered, 3-9(-11) cm;

bracteoles membranous, apex rounded or obtuse, sometimes apiculate.

Flowers

anther filaments without distal pair of recurved lateral teeth.

anther filaments with distal pair of recurved lateral teeth.

Berries

red, ellipsoid or spheric, (7-)9-10 mm, juicy, solid.

blue, glaucous, oblong-ovoid, 6-10 mm, juicy, solid.

Bud

scales 1-2 mm, deciduous.

scales 4-8(-14) mm, deciduous.

2n

= 28, 56.

Berberis thunbergii

Berberis aquifolium

Phenology Flowering late winter–spring (Mar–May). Flowering winter–spring (Mar–Jun).
Habitat Woods, old fields, roadsides Open woods and shrublands
Elevation 0-1300 m (0-4300 ft) 0-2100 m (0-6900 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CT; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SD; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; NB; NS; ON; PE; native; Asia (Japan) [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; ID; MT; OR; WA; BC
[WildflowerSearch map]
Discussion

The U.S. Department of Agriculture lists Berberis thunbergii as resistant to infection by Puccinia graminis, and the species is widely grown as an ornamental in the United States. Preliminary tests carried out by Agriculture Canada, however, suggest that some strains may be susceptible to Puccinia graminis infection, and cultivation of B. thunbergii is illegal in Canada.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Berberis aquifolium is the state flower of Oregon. It is widely used as an ornamental and has been reported as an escape from cultivation in scattered localities across the continent (Ontario, Quebec, central California, Michigan, and Nevada).

Berberis aquifolium is resistant to infection by Puccinia graminis.

Medicinally, various root preparations of Berberis aquifolium were used by Native Americans for stomach trouble, hemorrhages, and tuberculosis; as a panacea, a tonic, a gargle, and an eye wash; and to purify blood. Leaves and roots were used in steam baths to treat yellow fever; karok was used as a poison; and the tips of stems were used to treat stomach aches (D. E. Moermann 1986).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 3. FNA vol. 3.
Parent taxa Berberidaceae > Berberis Berberidaceae > Berberis
Sibling taxa
B. amplectens, B. aquifolium, B. bealei, B. canadensis, B. darwinii, B. dictyota, B. fendleri, B. fremontii, B. haematocarpa, B. harrisoniana, B. higginsiae, B. nervosa, B. nevinii, B. pinnata, B. piperiana, B. pumila, B. repens, B. swaseyi, B. trifoliolata, B. vulgaris, B. wilcoxii
B. amplectens, B. bealei, B. canadensis, B. darwinii, B. dictyota, B. fendleri, B. fremontii, B. haematocarpa, B. harrisoniana, B. higginsiae, B. nervosa, B. nevinii, B. pinnata, B. piperiana, B. pumila, B. repens, B. swaseyi, B. thunbergii, B. trifoliolata, B. vulgaris, B. wilcoxii
Synonyms Mahonia aquifolium
Name authority de Candolle: Syst. Nat. 2: 19. (1821) Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept., 219. (1814)
Web links