Berberis thunbergii |
Berberis aquifolium |
|
---|---|---|
Japanese barberry |
holly-leaf Oregon-grape, mountain grape, Oregon-grape, shining Oregon-grape, tall Oregon-grape |
|
Habit | Shrubs, deciduous, 0.3-3 m. Stems dimorphic, with short axillary shoots. | Shrubs, evergreen, 0.3-3(-4.5) m. Stems usually monomorphic, seldom with short axillary shoots. |
Bark | of 2d-year stems purple or brown, glabrous. |
of 2d-year stems gray-brown or purplish, glabrous. |
Leaves | blade obovate to spatulate, 1-veined from base, (0.5-)1.2-2.4 × 0.3-1(-1.8) cm, thin and flexible, base long-attenuate, margins plane, entire, apex rounded or obtuse; surfaces abaxially dull, smooth, adaxially dull, scarcely glaucous. |
5-9-foliolate; petioles 1-6 cm. |
Leaflet | blades thin and flexible or rather rigid; surfaces abaxially glossy, smooth, adaxially glossy, green; terminal leaflet stalked, blade 5.1-8.7(-14.5) × 2.4-4.5(-5.5) cm, 1.7-2.5 times as long as wide; lateral leaflet blades lance-ovate to lance-elliptic, 1(-3)-veined from base, base obtuse or truncate, rarely weakly cordate, margins plane or undulate, toothed, each with 5-21 teeth 0-2 mm tipped with spines to 0.8-2.2 × 0.2-0.3 mm, apex acute or sometimes obtuse or rounded. |
|
Spines | present, simple or 3-fid. |
absent. |
Inflorescences | umbellate, 1-5-flowered, 1-1.5 cm; bracteoles membranous, apex acute. |
racemose, dense, 30-60-flowered, 3-9(-11) cm; bracteoles membranous, apex rounded or obtuse, sometimes apiculate. |
Flowers | anther filaments without distal pair of recurved lateral teeth. |
anther filaments with distal pair of recurved lateral teeth. |
Berries | red, ellipsoid or spheric, (7-)9-10 mm, juicy, solid. |
blue, glaucous, oblong-ovoid, 6-10 mm, juicy, solid. |
Bud | scales 1-2 mm, deciduous. |
scales 4-8(-14) mm, deciduous. |
2n | = 28, 56. |
|
Berberis thunbergii |
Berberis aquifolium |
|
Phenology | Flowering late winter–spring (Mar–May). | Flowering winter–spring (Mar–Jun). |
Habitat | Woods, old fields, roadsides | Open woods and shrublands |
Elevation | 0-1300 m (0-4300 ft) | 0-2100 m (0-6900 ft) |
Distribution |
CT; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SD; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; NB; NS; ON; PE; native; Asia (Japan) [Introduced in North America]
|
CA; ID; MT; OR; WA; BC
|
Discussion | The U.S. Department of Agriculture lists Berberis thunbergii as resistant to infection by Puccinia graminis, and the species is widely grown as an ornamental in the United States. Preliminary tests carried out by Agriculture Canada, however, suggest that some strains may be susceptible to Puccinia graminis infection, and cultivation of B. thunbergii is illegal in Canada. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Berberis aquifolium is the state flower of Oregon. It is widely used as an ornamental and has been reported as an escape from cultivation in scattered localities across the continent (Ontario, Quebec, central California, Michigan, and Nevada). Berberis aquifolium is resistant to infection by Puccinia graminis. Medicinally, various root preparations of Berberis aquifolium were used by Native Americans for stomach trouble, hemorrhages, and tuberculosis; as a panacea, a tonic, a gargle, and an eye wash; and to purify blood. Leaves and roots were used in steam baths to treat yellow fever; karok was used as a poison; and the tips of stems were used to treat stomach aches (D. E. Moermann 1986). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 3. | FNA vol. 3. |
Parent taxa | Berberidaceae > Berberis | Berberidaceae > Berberis |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Mahonia aquifolium | |
Name authority | de Candolle: Syst. Nat. 2: 19. (1821) | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept., 219. (1814) |
Web links |
|
|