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California barberry, California Oregon-grape, shiny leaf mahonia

berbéris vulgaire, common barberry, common berberis, European barberry, jaundice berry, piprage, épine-vinette

Habit Shrubs, evergreen, 0.3-1.6(-7) m. Stems usually monomorphic, seldom with short axillary shoots. Shrubs, deciduous, 1-3 m. Stems dimorphic, with elongate primary and short axillary shoots.
Bark

of 2d-year stems grayish brown, glabrous.

of 2d-year stems gray, glabrous.

Leaves

(3-)5-13-foliolate;

petioles 0.5-4.5(-7.5) cm.

blade obovate to oblanceolate or almost elliptic, 1-veined from base, 2-6(-8) × 0.9-2.8 cm, thin and flexible, base short- to long-attenuate, margins plane, finely serrate, each with (8-)16-30 teeth 0-1 mm high tipped with spines or bristles to 0.6-1.4 × 0.1 mm, apex rounded or obtuse;

surfaces abaxially dull, smooth, adaxially dull, ± glaucous.

Leaflet

blades thin and ± rigid or flexible;

surfaces abaxially glossy, smooth, adaxially glossy, green;

terminal leaflet stalked, blade 2.6-6.2 × 2-4.5 cm, 1.3-1.9 times as long as wide;

lateral leaflet blades elliptic to ovate or broadly lanceolate, 1(-3)-veined from base, base broadly obtuse, truncate, or weakly cordate, margins plane to crispate, toothed, each with 5-22 teeth 0-2 mm tipped with spines to 1-3 × 0.1-0.3 mm, apex acute to rounded-obtuse.

Spines

absent.

present, simple or 3-fid.

Inflorescences

racemose, dense, 25-50-flowered, 2-9 cm;

bracteoles membranous, apex rounded to broadly acute, sometimes apiculate.

racemose, lax, 10-20-flowered, 2-6 cm;

bracteoles membranous, apex acute.

Flowers

anther filaments without distal pair of recurved lateral teeth.

Berries

blue, glaucous, oblong-ovoid to subspheric, 6-7 mm, juicy, solid.

red or purple, ellipsoid, 10-11 mm, juicy, solid.

Bud

scales 3-7 mm, deciduous.

scales 2-3 mm, deciduous.

Anther

filaments with distal pair of recurved lateral teeth.

Berberis pinnata

Berberis vulgaris

Phenology Flowering spring (May–Jun).
Habitat Roadsides, woods, old fields
Elevation 0-1800 m (0-5900 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR; Mexico (Baja California)
[WildflowerSearch map]
from FNA
CO; CT; DE; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SD; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; MB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; native; Europe [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora).

Berberis pinnata is very similar to B. aquifolium, and the two are sometimes difficult to separate. Some authors have used the spacing of the lateral leaflets (said to be contiguous or imbricate in B. pinnata and remote in B. aquifolium) to separate them, but the leaflets are often remote in both species and may be contiguous in B. aquifolium.

Berberis pinnata is resistant to infection by Puccinia graminis.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Berberis vulgaris was very commonly cultivated in North America for thorn hedges and as a source of jam and yellow dye. It frequently escaped from cultivation and became naturalized over a wide area of eastern North America. It is susceptible to infection by Puccinia graminis. As the most important alternate host of this fungus, it has been the subject of vigorous eradication programs, and it is now infrequent or absent in many areas where it was once frequent (A. P. Roelfs 1982).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Margins of leaf blade undulate or crispate, marginal spines to 1.2-3 × 0.2-0.3 mm; shrubs 0.3-1.6 m, self-supporting.
subsp. pinnata
1. Margins of leaf blade plane or weakly undulate, marginal spines to 1-1.6 × 0.1- 0.2 mm; shrubs 1-7 m, self-supporting or clambering over surrounding vegetation.
subsp. insularis
Source FNA vol. 3. FNA vol. 3.
Parent taxa Berberidaceae > Berberis Berberidaceae > Berberis
Sibling taxa
B. amplectens, B. aquifolium, B. bealei, B. canadensis, B. darwinii, B. dictyota, B. fendleri, B. fremontii, B. haematocarpa, B. harrisoniana, B. higginsiae, B. nervosa, B. nevinii, B. piperiana, B. pumila, B. repens, B. swaseyi, B. thunbergii, B. trifoliolata, B. vulgaris, B. wilcoxii
B. amplectens, B. aquifolium, B. bealei, B. canadensis, B. darwinii, B. dictyota, B. fendleri, B. fremontii, B. haematocarpa, B. harrisoniana, B. higginsiae, B. nervosa, B. nevinii, B. pinnata, B. piperiana, B. pumila, B. repens, B. swaseyi, B. thunbergii, B. trifoliolata, B. wilcoxii
Subordinate taxa
B. pinnata subsp. insularis, B. pinnata subsp. pinnata
Synonyms Mahonia pinnata
Name authority Lagasca: Elench. Pl., 14. (1816) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 330. (1753)
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