Berberis pinnata |
Berberis vulgaris |
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California barberry, California Oregon-grape, shiny leaf mahonia |
berbéris vulgaire, common barberry, common berberis, European barberry, jaundice berry, piprage, épine-vinette |
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Habit | Shrubs, evergreen, 0.3-1.6(-7) m. Stems usually monomorphic, seldom with short axillary shoots. | Shrubs, deciduous, 1-3 m. Stems dimorphic, with elongate primary and short axillary shoots. | ||||
Bark | of 2d-year stems grayish brown, glabrous. |
of 2d-year stems gray, glabrous. |
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Leaves | (3-)5-13-foliolate; petioles 0.5-4.5(-7.5) cm. |
blade obovate to oblanceolate or almost elliptic, 1-veined from base, 2-6(-8) × 0.9-2.8 cm, thin and flexible, base short- to long-attenuate, margins plane, finely serrate, each with (8-)16-30 teeth 0-1 mm high tipped with spines or bristles to 0.6-1.4 × 0.1 mm, apex rounded or obtuse; surfaces abaxially dull, smooth, adaxially dull, ± glaucous. |
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Leaflet | blades thin and ± rigid or flexible; surfaces abaxially glossy, smooth, adaxially glossy, green; terminal leaflet stalked, blade 2.6-6.2 × 2-4.5 cm, 1.3-1.9 times as long as wide; lateral leaflet blades elliptic to ovate or broadly lanceolate, 1(-3)-veined from base, base broadly obtuse, truncate, or weakly cordate, margins plane to crispate, toothed, each with 5-22 teeth 0-2 mm tipped with spines to 1-3 × 0.1-0.3 mm, apex acute to rounded-obtuse. |
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Spines | absent. |
present, simple or 3-fid. |
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Inflorescences | racemose, dense, 25-50-flowered, 2-9 cm; bracteoles membranous, apex rounded to broadly acute, sometimes apiculate. |
racemose, lax, 10-20-flowered, 2-6 cm; bracteoles membranous, apex acute. |
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Flowers | anther filaments without distal pair of recurved lateral teeth. |
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Berries | blue, glaucous, oblong-ovoid to subspheric, 6-7 mm, juicy, solid. |
red or purple, ellipsoid, 10-11 mm, juicy, solid. |
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Bud | scales 3-7 mm, deciduous. |
scales 2-3 mm, deciduous. |
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Anther | filaments with distal pair of recurved lateral teeth. |
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Berberis pinnata |
Berberis vulgaris |
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Phenology | Flowering spring (May–Jun). | |||||
Habitat | Roadsides, woods, old fields | |||||
Elevation | 0-1800 m (0-5900 ft) | |||||
Distribution |
CA; OR; Mexico (Baja California)
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CO; CT; DE; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SD; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; MB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; native; Europe [Introduced in North America]
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Discussion | Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora). Berberis pinnata is very similar to B. aquifolium, and the two are sometimes difficult to separate. Some authors have used the spacing of the lateral leaflets (said to be contiguous or imbricate in B. pinnata and remote in B. aquifolium) to separate them, but the leaflets are often remote in both species and may be contiguous in B. aquifolium. Berberis pinnata is resistant to infection by Puccinia graminis. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Berberis vulgaris was very commonly cultivated in North America for thorn hedges and as a source of jam and yellow dye. It frequently escaped from cultivation and became naturalized over a wide area of eastern North America. It is susceptible to infection by Puccinia graminis. As the most important alternate host of this fungus, it has been the subject of vigorous eradication programs, and it is now infrequent or absent in many areas where it was once frequent (A. P. Roelfs 1982). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 3. | FNA vol. 3. | ||||
Parent taxa | Berberidaceae > Berberis | Berberidaceae > Berberis | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | Mahonia pinnata | |||||
Name authority | Lagasca: Elench. Pl., 14. (1816) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 330. (1753) | ||||
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