Barbarea vulgaris |
Barbarea orthoceras |
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bitter winter cress, common winter cress, creasy greens, cress, cressy-greens, garden yellow-rocket, herb Barbara, rocketcress, yellow-rocket |
American winter cress, American wintercress rocket, American yellow-rocket, erect-fruit wintercress, winter cress, yellow rocket |
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Habit | Biennials or, rarely, perennials; glabrous throughout or margins ciliate. | Biennials or perennials; usually glabrous, except blade auricles often ciliate. |
Stems | (1.5–)2–9(–12) dm. |
(1–)2–6(–10) dm. |
Basal leaves | petiole (0.5–)2–10(–17) cm; blade lyrate-pinnatifid, (1–)2–8(–10) cm, lobes 1–3(–5) on each side (rarely early ones undivided), lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.3–2(–4) cm × 1–8(–15) mm, sometimes slightly fleshy, margins entire, repand, crenate, or dentate, terminal lobe (ovate or suborbicular), (0.7–)1.5–4.5(–7) cm × (4–)10–30(–50) mm, (surfaces glabrous or margins ciliate). |
petiole (0.5–)1–7(–15) cm, (rarely ciliate basally); blade usually lyrate-pinnatifid, (1–)1.5–6(–11) cm, lobes (0, 1, or) 2–4 (or 5) on each side, lateral lobes oblong or ovate, 0.2–1 cm × 1–5 mm, not fleshy, margins entire, terminal lobe 1.5–5 cm × 10–25 mm. |
Cauline leaves | blade ovate or suborbicular (undivided), margins usually coarsely dentate, rarely subentire; conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong (to 10 × 5 mm), glabrous. |
blade usually lyrate-pinnatifid (sometimes undivided and margins coarsely toothed or subentire), lateral lobes 1–4, (usually oblong or ovate, rarely lanceolate, to 2 × 1 cm), margins entire, (terminal lobe to 5 × 3 cm, margins usually entire or repand, rarely dentate); conspicuously auriculate, auricles ovate or narrowly oblong, (to 8 × 5 mm, margins entire). |
Flowers | sepals 3–4.5(–5) × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious; petals yellow, spatulate or oblanceolate, (5–)6–9(–10) × 1.5–2.5(–3.5) mm, base attenuate, apex rounded; filaments 3–4.5 mm; anthers 0.7–1.2 mm; ovules 18–24(–28) per ovary; gynophore to 0.5 mm. |
sepals 2.5–3.5 × 1–1.5 mm, lateral pair slightly saccate basally, margins scarious, (subapically sparsely pubescent or glabrous); petals yellow or pale yellow, oblanceolate, 5–7(–8) × (1.5–)2–3 mm, base attenuate, apex rounded; filaments 3–4.5 mm; anthers 1 mm; ovules (24–)26–36 per ovary; gynophore to 0.5 mm. |
Fruiting pedicels | divaricate to ascending or erect, 3–7 mm, terete or subquadrangular, thickened (narrower than fruit). |
erect or ascending, (2–)3–6(–7) mm, terete or subquadrangular, stout, (narrower than fruit). |
Fruits | erect to erect-ascending, rarely appressed to rachis, torulose, terete, somewhat compressed, or 4-angled, (0.7–)1.5–3 cm × 1.2–2 mm; style slender, (1–)1.5–3(–3.5) mm. |
erect to erect-ascending, rarely appressed to rachis, torulose, terete to subquadrangular, (2.5–)3.1–4(–4.5) cm × 1.5–2 mm; style stout, 0.5–1.2(–2) mm. |
Seeds | dark brown, plump, broadly ovoid to oblong or subglobose, 1.2–1.5 × 1–1.2 mm. |
brown, somewhat plump, ovoid or oblong, 1.2–1.5 × 0.9–1 mm. |
2n | = 16. |
= 16. |
Barbarea vulgaris |
Barbarea orthoceras |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jul. | Flowering Mar–Jul. |
Habitat | Waste places, ditches, riverbanks, damp grasslands, roadsides, fields, disturbed sites | Open grassland, sandbars, scree, alpine meadows, ledges, rocky cliffs, forests, streamsides, railroad embankment, boggy ground, gravel pits, moist grassy slopes |
Elevation | 0-3000 m (0-9800 ft) | 0-3400 m (0-11200 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Europe; Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America]
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AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; ME; MI; MN; MT; NH; NM; NV; OR; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NT; ON; QC; SK; YT; e Asia; c Asia
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Discussion | Barbarea vulgaris, which is sometimes grown as a potherb, is highly variable in length and orientation of fruit and fruiting pedicel, style length, and the division of cauline leaves. Several varieties have been recognized, and they represent some of the many points along one continuum. In my opinion, it is better not to recognize any infraspecific taxa in North America. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
M. L. Fernald (1909) reported the southwestern Asian Barbarea plantaginea de Candolle from Alaska, but it is certain that his records were based on plants of B. orthoceras, which is rather rare in New England, where it appears to be restricted to portions of northern Maine and New Hampshire. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 7, p. 461. | FNA vol. 7, p. 462. |
Parent taxa | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Barbarea | Brassicaceae > tribe Cardamineae > Barbarea |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Erysimum barbarea, B. arcuata, B. vulgaris var. arcuata, Erysimum arcuatum | B. americana, B. orthoceras var. dolichocarpa, Campe orthoceras |
Name authority | W. T. Aiton: in W. Aiton and W. T. Aiton, Hortus Kew. 4: 109. (1812) | Ledebour: Index Seminum (Dorpat) 2. (1824) |
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