Flora of North America species comparison

(aerial) ± erect.

mostly basal, or basal and cauline, or mostly cauline; opposite and/or alternate; usually sessile, rarely petiolate;

blades usually spatulate to oblanceolate or linear to linear-elliptic, sometimes pinnately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces usually hairy and glandular (glands sometimes elaborate, apices sometimes gland- or spine-tipped).

mostly cauline;

proximal opposite (basally connate), distal alternate;

sessile;

blades lanceolate to linear, margins entire, faces hirsute and (distal leaves) glandular-hirtellous (glands cup-shaped).

campanulate, cylindric, ellipsoid, globose, fusiform, hemispheric, obconic, or urceolate.

± obconic or turbinate, 2–4+ mm diam.

flat or convex to conic, ± paleate (paleae either in 1 series interior to ray florets, then usually connate and persistent, or 1 palea subtending each disc floret, then usually distinct and soon falling, or, in discoid heads, paleae functioning as phyllaries in 1 series and together constituting an “involucre”).

flat to convex, glabrous or setulose, paleate (paleae falling, in 1 series between rays and discs, connate).

0, or 1–75+, pistillate, fertile;

corollas usually yellow or whitish, sometimes proximally yellow and distally whitish, often marked with red or purple or turning red on drying, rarely orange or red-orange (apices usually ± deeply divided, lobes usually 3, sometimes 2).

4–10, pistillate, fertile;

corollas whitish (abaxially purplish-veined).

1–200+, bisexual and fertile, or functionally staminate;

corollas usually yellow, sometimes brown, orange, reddish, or whitish, tubes much shorter than to about equaling cylindric to funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate;

anther thecae usually dark (reddish to purple, often described as “black”), sometimes pale (yellow to brown);

stigmatic papillae in 2 lines.

9–28, functionally staminate;

corollas white (pubescent), tubes shorter than funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate (anthers ± dark purple; styles glabrous proximal to branches).

persistent or falling, 1–75+ in 1(–2) series or 0 (the “involucre” then interpreted as constituted of 1 series of receptacular paleae; phyllaries distinct or weakly connate, narrowly ovate to lanceolate or linear, equal or subequal, herbaceous, usually conduplicate, often each partly or wholly investing a subtended floret, apices often attenuate, faces usually glandular).

4–10 in 1 series (each mostly or wholly enveloping a ray ovary, ± lance-linear, herbaceous, abaxially hirsute, sometimes glandular-hirtellous, glands cup-shaped).

usually 0, sometimes 2–12+ bractlets (Centromadia, some members of Hemizonia and Lagophylla).

usually radiate, rarely discoid, usually in corymbiform, glomerulate, paniculiform, spiciform, or ± umbelliform arrays, sometimes borne singly.

radiate, borne singly or in loose, corymbiform arrays (peduncles filiform).

obcompressed, compressed, or terete, often obpyramidal, clavate, or fusiform, glabrous or hairy (ray and disc often different);

pappi 0, or persistent or falling, of awns, bristles, or scales (sometimes in combination) in 1–2 series (the elements often ciliate or plumose).

(black) obcompressed, ± clavate (basal attachments centered, apices beakless, areolae broadly cupulate, faces glabrous);

pappi (rays) 0 or coroniform (0.1–0.3 mm), or (discs) 0 or (readily falling) of 1–5 subulate scales.

bracts: pit-glands, tack-glands, and/or spines 0.

= 14.