Flora of North America species comparison

erect, simple or branched (usually distally).

basal, basal and cauline, or cauline; opposite or alternate; usually petiolate, sometimes sessile;

blades mostly cordate, deltate, elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, oblong, obovate, ovate, rhombic, or spatulate, often 1–2-pinnately or -ternately lobed (lobes mostly filiform to linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate), ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces ± lanate to woolly, or hispidulous to scabrellous or strigose, sometimes glabrescent, sometimes stipitate-glandular, rarely glabrous, often gland-dotted.

mostly cauline; mostly opposite (distal sometimes alternate);

petiolate or sessile;

blades linear to filiform or 1–2-pinnately lobed (lobes 3–7+, linear to filiform), ultimate margins entire, faces sparsely hairy (hairs bulbous, conic, or fusiform, 0.1–0.3 mm), glabrescent, usually gland-dotted.

campanulate to narrowly cylindric or obconic, or hemispheric to rotate.

obconic-obpyramidal to ± turbinate or hemispheric, 3–6 mm diam. (subtended by 0–3 bractlets).

conic, flat, or hemispheric, often knobby or pitted (sometimes hairy or gland-dotted), usually epaleate (paleae sometimes subulate scales in Chaenactis; in Bartlettia, linear, membranous, hairy scales, each appressed to and shed with an associated cypsela may be interpreted as paleae).

convex, pitted, epaleate.

0 (corollas of peripheral florets sometimes notably larger than those of the inner, then zygomorphic, showy, and somewhat raylike, e.g., Chaenactis spp.) or (1–)4–21(–60+), pistillate, fertile;

corollas yellow, orange, red, purplish, or whitish (persistent, marcescent in Arnica dealbata).

0 or 1–2, pistillate, fertile;

corollas yellow or white.

4–200+, usually bisexual, fertile (functionally staminate in Arnica dealbata);

corollas yellow, orange, purplish, or whitish, usually hairy and/or gland-dotted or stipitate-glandular, tubes shorter than to longer than cylindric or campanulate to funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate to linear;

anther thecae pale;

stigmatic papillae in 2 lines.

2–8(–30+), bisexual, fertile;

corollas yellow to yellowish, sometimes red-tipped (± stipitate-glandular), tubes shorter than or about equaling campanulate to funnelform throats, lobes 5, deltate.

usually persistent, 4–60+ in 1–4+ series (usually erect at flowering, usually reflexed in fruit, usually distinct, basally coherent in some Arnica spp., mostly lance-ovate, linear, or ovate, unequal to subequal, mostly herbaceous to membranous, outer foliaceous in Venegasia).

persistent, 4–6+ in 1–2 series (spreading or reflexed in fruit, distinct, obovate to oblanceolate, subequal, thin-herbaceous to membranous, margins membranous, often purplish or yellowish).

usually 0 (sometimes 1–3 bractlets in Schkuhria).

usually radiate, sometimes discoid, rarely radiant (Chaenactis spp.), borne singly, or in clusters, or in corymbiform, cymiform, or paniculiform arrays.

radiate or discoid, usually in loose, corymbiform to paniculiform arrays.

mostly obpyramidal and 4–5-angled, sometimes clavate, columnar, cylindric, or fusiform, sometimes compressed and ± linear (e.g., Chaenactis, Hulsea) or obcompressed (e.g., Arnica dealbata, Bartlettia; lengths usually 3+ times diams.), faces usually hairy and/or gland-dotted;

pappi falling, fragile, or persistent, usually of 6–80 distinct or basally connate bristles, or of 4–20 distinct (or basally connate) scales, all, some, or none aristate, sometimes pappi none.

narrowly obpyramidal, 4-angled, finely nerved, ± hirsutulous to villous (at least at bases and/or on angles);

pappi persistent, of 8+ spatulate to lanceolate (basally and/or medially thickened, distally and/or laterally scarious) scales (all, some, none, or the alternate ones ± aristate).

= 11.